Free Essays on Sample Reference Letter

1400 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10012 (212) 555-6239 April 10, 1998 Subject: Letter of Recommendation for Mr. James Miller To Whom It May Concern: James worked under my watch as a publication associate from September 10, 1997, until April 5, 1998. His obligations included directing exploration and meetings, reality checking, and composing brief front-of-the-book pieces, notwithstanding some administrative obligations. Over the span of his business, James demonstrated himself to be a capable representative, a diligent employee, and a gifted essayist. I was very dazzled by James' capacity to finish all work doled out to him on schedule, if not before it was expected. His examination was consistently intensive and complete, and his reality checking consistently exact. We now and then permit our publication collaborators to do some composition, yet James' gifts incited us to dole out him a greater number of pieces than the standard. His composing is clear, compact, and reminiscent. By and large, James is an exceptionally principled and capable representative. I absolutely accept he has the stuff to make a brilliant editorial manager sometime in the not so distant future, and I am tragic to see him leave. I unequivocally suggest James for any mid-level article position in distributing. Earnestly, Edward P. Larkin Official Editor... Free Essays on Sample Reference Letter Free Essays on Sample Reference Letter 1400 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10012 (212) 555-6239 April 10, 1998 Subject: Letter of Recommendation for Mr. James Miller To Whom It May Concern: James worked under my watch as a publication aide from September 10, 1997, until April 5, 1998. His obligations included leading examination and meetings, actuality checking, and composing brief front-of-the-book pieces, notwithstanding some administrative obligations. Over the span of his business, James demonstrated himself to be a capable representative, a diligent employee, and a capable essayist. I was very intrigued by James' capacity to finish all work relegated to him on schedule, if not before it was expected. His exploration was consistently exhaustive and far reaching, and his reality checking consistently exact. We now and again permit our publication partners to do some composition, yet James' abilities incited us to dole out him a larger number of pieces than the standard. His composing is clear, brief, and reminiscent. By and large, James is an extremely principled and capable worker. I absolutely accept he has the stuff to make a brilliant editorial manager sometime in the not so distant future, and I am dismal to see him leave. I unequivocally suggest James for any mid-level publication position in distributing. Genuinely, Edward P. Larkin Official Editor...

Et cetera, Re, and Sic

And so forth, Re, and Sic And so forth, Re, and Sic And so forth, Re, and Sic By Maeve Maddox At the point when the Latin-cherishing taught classes at long last began paying attention to sufficiently english to compose their works in, they carried a ton of Latin terms with them. A portion of the terms stay in the language, among them and whatnot, re, and sic. And whatnot Usually condensed and so forth., the Latin expression and so forth is utilized toward the finish of a rundown to demonstrate things notwithstanding those as of now counted: When you go out on the town to shop, make certain to purchase such staples as flour, rice, sugar, and so forth. In more established writings, you may see it truncated as c. The image , called the ampersand, began as a ligature for the Latin word et (and). Note: recorded as a hard copy and printing, a ligature is at least two letters consolidated to shape one character, similar to the letters e+t. And so on is oftentimes incorrectly spelled as â€Å"ect† and misspoke as [ek setera]. These mistakes can be stayed away from by taking note of that the initial segment of the expression is et, not â€Å"ek.† The specific interpretation of and so forth is â€Å"and the others: et=and, cetera=the others. Re: Another Latin word normally utilized in English is re. The Latin expression â€Å"in re† implies â€Å"in the issue of,† or â€Å"concerning.† Traditionally, the word has been composed at the highest point of a letter, either in all tops or with a capitalized R and a lowercase e, trailed by a colon: RE: Re: Up to this point, Re: was comprehended as an approach to declare the subject of the message to follow: Re: Your letter of May12, 2014 Just like the case with numerous once in the past natural Latin articulations in English, the importance of Re: has gotten obscured, and its utilization is moving. Many web clients accept that it is a shortened form for with respect to. Others use it in email subjects to mean â€Å"Reply.† Sic The Latin word sic in square sections after a word in cited material implies that something in the citation is in blunder. The author citing the material additions [sic] to demonstrate that the incorrectly spelled word or off base reality happens in the first: The most regular utilization of [sic] recognizable to the general peruser is its utilization to flag an incorrectly spelled or word: According to the archive, â€Å"Every store on Main Street has the obligation to give it’s [sic] own parking.† {Sic] is likewise used to flag a mistake of actuality. For instance: Simpson says, â€Å"In Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur, that the youthful Arthur draws Excalibur [sic] from the stone and is perceived as the legitimate king.† The mistake being hailed by [sic] doesn't highlight an incorrect spelling; it has to do with the way that in Malory, the blade drawn from the stone isn't Excalibur. Arthur gets Excalibur a lot later, from the Lady of the Lake. Related posts on DailyWritingTips: As to: What Does Sic Mean? Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Expressions classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightExcited ABOUT, not for 50 Synonyms for Tune

LMU college essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LMU school - Essay Example As a youngster, I have a public activity to lead, while simultaneously I have my profession objectives to accomplish. Clearly now, numerous individuals will in general endure the impacts of companion pressure from their individual age mates, in this manner losing the focal point of their vocation objectives. Be that as it may, for psycho-social turn of events, it is basic that an individual at my age is exposed to a legitimate relationship with his companions to accomplish an appropriate psycho-social turn of events. This is difficult for most adolescents and it requires use of basic reasoning. Taking the two situations in to thought, I applied basic reasoning, while at the same time utilizing my insight coordinated with character. Regardless, when I was making my day by day time-table timetable, I started by giving the most basic issues in life the most elevated need: The most significant issue in my life is my training as of now; this is trailed by my psycho-social turn of events, which fundamentally includes investing energy with family members and companions. Hence, on my every day plan time table, I guaranteed that all issues credited to my scholastic work are given the primary goal and satisfactory time. This was then trailed when I go through with family members and companions sequentially. Different incidental exercises, for example, watching films, physical wellness meetings were given the keep going need on my time-table; anyway satisfactory time was assigned for these exercises. So as to be effective in detailing individual operational plans, one needs to apply knowledge, while additionally mulling over his character: For my situation, I applied my insight in making a period table and allotting satisfactory time for every day by day movement. In any case, an incredible feeling of care was taken so as to guarantee that none of the exercises slammed into one another. My insight likewise played a significant is assessing what is by all accounts significant in my life at this specific time and what

How Does You Race, Religion, Nationality, Gender and Culture Define You? Essay

On the off chance that we were deprived of our everyday exercises, okay simply meander around capriciously, or would you default to the things that have been instilled into our minds since we were pretty much nothing? What characterizes you? It could be your activity, the way that you are an A star understudy, a parent, or possibly it could be the things you love like your vehicle or your amazing record assortment. The issue is, what happens when you lose it? Lose your employment, your children grow up and move out, at that point what? At the point when you characterize who you are with your job or the articles you own, it’s brief. Character is delicate. For me, my race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation and culture characterize me. Nobody can reveal to you that you are not something you are; in other words, the things that characterize what our identity is can't just be removed in light of the fact that we don't live up to their desires. People’s desires say more regarding them than it does you. I am Chinese. Be that as it may, I am not from China. Skin shading is quite shallow. The qualities for skin shading have nothing to do with athletic capacity, melodic ability or types of insight. Lamentably in Malaysia today, nearly everything is race-based, which causes me to feel troubled. Race isn’t organic, yet bigotry is still genuine. Race is an incredible social thought that gives individuals diverse access to circumstances and assets. The administration and social establishments in Malaysia have made favorable circumstances that excessively channel riches, influence and assets to ‘bumiputras’, the Malay and indigenous individuals, which make up generally 61.4 percent of the all out populace. For example, in my cousin’s school there are portions on what number of Malay, Chinese and Indian understudies are to become regents. The thought stunned and infuriated me further when I discovered that out of the twenty positions, just three Chinese understudies are permitted to become consuls, while twelve positions are saved for Malay understudies and the staying five for Indians. She goes to an administration school, without a doubt. I feel thankful on the grounds that I concentrate in a global school, which doesn't follow such standards. Race-based portions, a profoundly politicized and disputable issue, exists in college confirmations too. I am additionally a Buddhist. Be that as it may, not an exacting one. My close family doesn't have a supplication room or even a raised area. For the most part, Buddhists petition explicit divine beings or gods and give contributions as an every day schedule in order to get what they trust in, or in some cases accomplishing something consequently. A few Buddhists don't eat meat since they appeal to the Goddess of Mercy, who views the bull as a holy creature. To my family and I, Buddhism isn't about what you put into your mouth, yet rather what originates from your psyche and heart. Apparently, an individual who professes to be a Buddhist and doesn't devour hamburger can likewise enjoy superfluous numerous different things, a large portion of which are not withstanding to the genuine lessons of Buddhism. We do, sometimes, visit the sanctuary for favors. We go to the sanctuary in Ipoh, where my aunt and cousins live. The sanctuary is smoky yet we suffer it and stoop down before the icons of the divine beings and gods to ask, approaching ordinarily for good outcomes, to be in the pink of wellbeing and for the most part great riches. From that point onward, we stick a couple of joss sticks into a metal bowl. Once in a while, my folks, with the help of a sanctuary priest will utilize a shoe to hit a fascinate with the name of whomever they think may be forestalling business arrangements to fall through or reviling them, somehow or another. On ce in a while I don't have confidence in such things really working, however I figure my folks do it since it may by one way or another adjust their karma. My dad is, or rather was, a Christian. He went to chapel each Sunday when he was more youthful. His sister wedded a cleric and they are exceptionally traditionalist. I am fortunate as in my dad doesn't take religion to the degree that we are prohibited to state expressions, for example, ‘Oh my god’ or ‘God knows’, similar to his sister. I am exceptionally sure that her own kids state that. This isn't something she can control since we live in an alternate age now and the world is continually evolving. I figure she ought to adjust to the present culture, or hazard being viewed as antiquated and not liberal. Back to my dad, presently he views himself as a Buddhist. He no longer goes to chapel and goes to the sanctuary, with the remainder of my family. I do supplicate, however once in a while, now and then when I am in urgent need of something, in spite of the fact that not to any specific god, with expectations of the god any place the individual in question might be, hearing my petitions and satisfying them. I put stock in karma as well. When something terrible occurs, I disclose to myself that it occurs which is as it should be. Possibly on the grounds that something great is on its way, or in light of the fact that the Supreme Being is rebuffing me for something I did already. I consider it an equalization of nature, since no one can have everything. I have been to chapel when I was more youthful, not on the grounds that my folks made me but since my companions went. It was very fun while it endured. Numerous exercises were led during Sunday school, as they called it. Such exercises were singing, messing around, drawing and presenting book of scriptures refrains. As a matter of fact, I in some cases have faith in Greek divine beings. I discover it ‘cool’ on the grounds that they are exceptional. Perhaps I discover them so intriguing in light o f the fact that these creatures are plugged and are regularly said to have legendary powers and go on journeys and such in the films and books. All things considered, I imagine that I may be as yet winding up in the religion division. Be that as it may, for the time being, I’ll still view myself as a Buddhist. Seeing as my name is Samantha, I am undeniably female. A few people may call me girly or female however I want to be extreme on the off chance that I need to. I am not commonly an uproarious individual, in contrast to my dear companions. They are dealt with like young men by different young men. I’m not saying that I don’t acknowledge that, however I think I incline toward being dealt with like a young lady. I wouldn't fret sexual orientation generalizations in light of the fact that generally, they are valid. Sexual orientation is characterized for us during childbirth, however the amount you become like the sex is down to the amount you decide to tail it. I am unequivocally against hostile to gay and against gay convictions however. I believe that numerous individuals in my age acknowledge that culture and don't segregate lesbian, gay, androgynous and transgender (LGBT) people. There was an ongoing instance of a Muslim gay man in Malaysia says he fears for his wellbei ng in the wake of talking about his sexuality in a web video that pulled in online demise dangers and allegations by strict specialists that he is offending Islam. I blow up in the wake of hearing updates on the administration acting nonsensically towards these people. Notwithstanding, the administration demands that this goes under the Islamic Law and such acts are a disrespect to their religion. I, myself might want to take an interest in rallies against hostile to LGBT activists next time. Being a Malaysian doesn't influence me in any capacity. I do some of the time feel humiliated by what our nation has done before. Insignificant issues are frequently made large and cause a commotion around the globe. I don't need our nation to be well known for its numerous contentions. Legislative issues is additionally another factor on the grounds that numerous government officials have gotten degenerate and covetous for cash and force. They misuse their influence for their own advantage and end up in embarrassments, which take considerably more cash to conceal. To wrap things up, culture defines me. I, as a Chinese observe Chinese New Year with my family consistently. It is our custom to pour and offer tea to our older folks. We have yearly social occasions in my relatives’ houses. We bet and eat, as most families do during that season. Pitiful to state, our way of life is vigorously impacted by the Western culture. This happens due to our introduction to their way of life through TV, radio and motion pictures. Crazes are spread rapidly with the entrance of the Internet. For reasons unknown, the Americans will consistently be held with a higher respect than the remainder of the world. They see themselves as a worldwide super power and can control everything. Our method of talking, style of dressing and thinking has become increasingly like the westerners’. As it were, I feel baffled with the departure of a piece of our way of life however this change is inescapable. Taking everything into account, I imagine that as we develop more seasoned, we learn and will in general perceive what characterizes us more. Our needs change and, couple we change ourselves. We should not rush to judge since looks are not all that matters. I think our encounters additionally assume a job in characterizing what our identity is. We recollect the great just as the awful side of things, so consistently is one piece of our long excursion to getting ourselves.

Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Review - Essay Example Late news that European Parliament has decided in favor of bringing compulsory examiner pivot into the EU district has by and by reminded to the worldwide society about the need to improve auditor’s autonomy and focused on the significance of this measure. The point of this examination was to give a review of the inspector's autonomy and the required evaluator pivot and to dissect whether obligatory examiner turn will improve the general reviewer freedom and review quality. Under obligatory inspector turn, it is comprehended that a business or a customer firm ought not hold a similar examiner for in excess of a predefined timeframe. There are a wide range of perspectives and sentiments with respect to the relationship between's examiner's freedom and inspector turn changes. While a few tests distributed in the bookkeeping writing demonstrate on some potential advantages of this measure, different investigations show that there is no beneficial outcome for evaluator revolution and besides, it might cause the antagonistic impact. Most of rivals accept that obligatory review firm would not improve review quality, however will bring about expanded time and interruption of the board, as new evaluators will require more opportunity for comprehension company’s strategic policies, activities, and budgetary detailing forms. While there are defenders of required review turn, expressing that this measure will empower to improve auditors’ autonomy, the quantity of contentions set forward by the adversaries of this thought is a lot more noteworthy.

How Difficult is the New SAT

Difficulty of the New SAT This is a question that, as a short answer and a very, very long one, full of â€Å"it depends†. So here is the short answer: Yes, the SAT is hard. You have to sit in one place for almost four hours, all while answering questions that range from straightforward to head-scratching difficult. Oh, and the sections are all timed. Is the SAT hard for everybody, the way, say, climbing Mt. Everest is? I’d argue yes. I can’t just walk into the SAT—despite all my years’ experience with standardized tests saying—and think, â€Å"This will be a cakewalk†. Again, you have to concentrate for hours, giving each question its due. Or careless errors will get you. More specifically, and this is where things get a little tricky, how hard will the SAT be for you? Well you know yourself best, but I’ll give you some prototypes: The high achiever Do you study whenever you have a moment, acing most of your classes? Are you an academic wunderkind? Well, the SAT should be a breeze. Actually, I’d argue that it’ll be pretty difficulty given your exacting standards. See, you’re not going to be comfortable with a more 80-percentile ranking. You’ve always been in or near the top 2%. And performing at that level on the SAT is going to be anything but easy. The verbal person So you like reading and you like words. Well, the SAT might be easier for you in this sense than the old SAT. There really aren’t too many trap answers. And you’ll be able to sound out many items in the grammar section. You probably won’t have too much trouble cracking the top 20%, though I’d recommend doing a few practice tests to get a hang of the test. On the math part, you’re likely going to struggle more. And the SAT will be difficult. My advice is the same for the verbal: take a few practice tests. But this time around you’ll realize you probably need a lot more work. So figure out those areas you are weak in and spend most of your study time reviewing these. The math person The SAT likely won’t be too hard on the math front. The trigonometry is high level and the word problems aren’t unlike questions you’ve seen in class. Sure, some of the algebra can get a little technical, but if you are strong in this area you’ll likely excel on the test. The math student, or specifically somebody who is good at picking up on patterns, might be hurt by the fact that the reading questions are more about understanding long, dense passages, than about spotting traps that the SAT recycles for answer choices. With the new test, you’ll really have to understand what the passage is talking about. The slacker The SAT will actually be easy for you. You’re not going to try, so how tough will it really be. Though, your score will probably reflect this. The hater If you don’t like reading, and think math serves no practical function in life, you are likely to think the SAT is really tough. Getting a competitive score will be more difficult. Average Joe (or Jane) This test will be difficult since, as I already mentioned, you’ll have to focus for many hours. The key, though, is to become better. Start with a practice test. Identify your strengths and weaknesses, and then study the latter, taking frequent practice tests and repeating the process. If you keep pushing and working hard, the test won’t necessarily become easy, but your score will go up.

Realistic and Magical Elements of A Very Old Man with...

Realistic and Magical Elements of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings is a renowned short story written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. It was published in 1955. Gabriel Garcia Marquez was born and spent his childhood in Colombia but has lived in Paris and Mexico. As for the work that made him famous, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings is considered by most an archetype of Magical Realism. When reading A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, one comes across many elements of Magical Realism. A good specimen of Magical Realism is the old man with wings. An old man is normal and earthly. However, when wings are applied, what was once mundane becomes stereotype of Magical Realism. What is most†¦show more content†¦A great example of how capitalism, being a realistic trait, is normally incorporated with all things. Father Gonzaga is a realistic factor one must take into account. Religion is for the most part a realistic matter. Even though religion itself is not proven, or always expectable, the fact remains that most people look towards people of religion for guidance. This being the case Father Gonzaga, who is a man of religion, would be considered a realistic element. There is no purpose to the Magical Realism elements illustrated in A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings. Let us keep in mind that in these Magical Realist works the author does not need to justify the mystery of the events, as the fantastic writer has to (Leal 119-124). The events happening within Gabriel Garcia Marquezs work flow unrestrained over the pages. The past events do not dictate the future events. There is no avalanche effect in Marquezs short novel. Nothing depends or is decided on one single event. Motions are carried out with out control or authority. The characters involved in A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings treat the old man as an animal or pest. Not aware of the possibility of a human having wings, they simply put the old man in a chicken pen because he is a freak and an annoyance. The mere fact that the old man has wings would send most people to their cellars because of a fear that the end of the world is near. As for theShow MoreRelated Magical Realism in Context: Analysis of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings1193 Words   |  5 PagesMagical Realism in Context: Analysis of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings      Ã‚   From the beginning of A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, the ordinary begins to confront the extraordinary. This short story by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, one of the most famous Latin American authors, was introduced to the world in 1955. By examining the magical and realistic elements of this short story, the theoretical term given to an emerging art form of the mid- twentieth century can be applied to a workRead More Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcia Marqezs A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings1069 Words   |  5 PagesCharacteristics of Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcia Marqezs A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings The controversy surrounding Magical Realism makes the classification of what is and what is not Magical Realism very difficult. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, a famous Latin American author, has written many pieces of what is generally conceived to be Magical Realism. Marqezs A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings fulfills every characteristic of Magical Realism.. A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings includesRead More Linking Magical Realism and the Sublime in A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings1022 Words   |  5 PagesLinking Magical Realism and the Sublime in A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings      Ã‚  Ã‚   Marquezs A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings links Magical Realism and Sublime literature to one another in such a way that Magical Realism seems to be a genre of the Sublime. This short story was published with a collection of other stories entitled Leaf Storm and Other Stories in 1955. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, a native Columbian, has accomplished a great deal in the field of Magical Realism. This particularRead MoreMagical Realism In Gabriel Garcia-Marquez A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings869 Words   |  4 Pagesthat a dead enormous man washes ashore, or a man with wings just appears out of nowhere all of a sudden making your life better without you realising it, or the power of a curandera is stronger than of God and evil itself. Magical realism a genre of writing, that introduces a realistic narrative and naturalistic technique but includes the elements of dreams, and fantasy making it seem completely normal, different than fiction. There are several elements that makes a writing magical realism butRead MoreMagical Realism In A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings By Gabriel Marquez895 Words   |  4 PagesMagical Realism Essay While this genre in itself is an oxymoron, it can be defined as a genre of writing where magical or spectacular elements are introduced to a realistic and culturally accurate setting whose characters accept these events as part of their lives. Some of the genre’s defining characteristics are magical events are set in an ordinary world with historic and cultural realities but there is no logic or reasoning behind the event. There are also cultural influences in the story thatRead More Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcias A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings 1023 Words   |  5 PagesMagical Realism in Gabriel Garcias A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings      Ã‚   A Very old Man with Enormous Wings (1955) is a short story by Garbriel Garcia Marquez, a Latin American author. This story contains many elements of Magical Realism, such as having one fantastic element while being reality based, having a deeper meaning, and having no need to justify or explain events or human actions. The magical elements in this story are the old man (that is assumed to be an angel) and theRead More Lessons Learned from A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesLearned from A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings      Ã‚   A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings is a short fiction story written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 1955. Magical realism plays a major part in this story by the use of fantasy of an old man being portrayed as an angel who has come to create miracles to a family along with many other believers. Some will believe, others will just shoo this so called angel away in a painful and heart-breaking way. I enjoyed this story very much. I was ableRead MoreMagical Realism As A Literary Genre932 Words   |  4 PagesMagical Realism is a literary genre that integrates fantastic or mythological elements into otherwise realistic fiction. It is described by the basic, direct presentation of strange, magical events. Magical realism is basically characterized by the utilization of fantasy that vast majority believe in. Examples of such things include ghosts, psychics, and the theme of fate and destiny. It permits the novelist to venture into the fantasy realm without totally losing the feeling of reality. MagicalRead Moreâ€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia- Marque995 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings†:Gabriel Garcia- Marquez story â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings†, written in 1955, is about a family harboring what is thought to be a fallen old â€Å"angel man†, initially thought to be on his way to take their ailing child away. The angel must have been coming for the child, but the poor fellow is so old that the rain knocked him down (Marquez, 1955). The family not knowing how to treat the situation embarks on a journey of mixed emotions of whether the man isRead MoreA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings By Gabriel Marquez882 Words   |  4 Pagesdecrepit, senile old man in your backyard and make a large sum of money just to keep him, would you do it? The classic short story â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings† by Gabriel Marquez does just that, only this old man has wings. While exploring hum an nature and the reactions a person and people have to adversity and difference, Marquez makes some pointed criticisms of society in general. With many underlying themes and symbols, I’ll be analyzing a few such as; greed, compassion, the magical realism genre

Duality As Vitality Israel s Democratic And Jewish...

Duality as Vitality: Israel’s Democratic and Jewish Identity Israel is both a Jewish and Democratic state. The skeleton of the state is that of a binary philosophy: a dual identity which on the one hand is a democracy and also a Jewish state. A democracy is a state which respects the inalienable rights, such as freedom of expression and suffrage, and intrinsic dignity of every human being. A Jewish state is a state with a core Jewish cultural and national identity, which respects equality of religion for all and is not theocratic. The foundational documents, the Declaration of Independence and Israel’s Basic Laws, are unambiguous and unrelenting on the centrality of these two traits, and without them, Israel would be stripped of its core identity. Israel has maintained the necessity of these two core principles since Israel declared its sovereignty. The democratic nature of Israel is stated in Israel’s founding document through which Israel came into being in 1948, the Proclamation of Independence. Explicit mention is made of the standing and rights of Israel’s Arab (and by extension, other non-Jewish) inhabitants, as the document promises them â€Å"full and equal citizenship and due representation.† The document, which essentially serves as Israel’s identifier, the codification of the purpose and nature of Israel, also reinforces the centrality of the Jewish nature of Israel, declaring that â€Å"the Jewish people ... are to be masters of their own fate, like all other nations,Show MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. P eter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

The Multicultural Academic Opportunities Program - 1610 Words

Section I. Position Information Position Title: MAOP Intern The Multicultural Academic Opportunities Program (MAOP) of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University led by Dr. Jody Thompson-Marshall held a 10 week summer research internship where there were 46 interns who all held a different focus in academics. The 46 interns were each assigned to a mentor who they would work closely with over the course of 10 weeks in a lab. There would also be activities and seminars planned throughout the 10 weeks to help the interns grow as individuals but also closer together. Some of the activities include: networking luncheons, Camp Alta Mons, graduate school preparation, personal statement writing, GRE pre and post testing, and GRE prep courses in between. I was assigned to the College of Veterinary Medicine where I was mentored by Dr. Andrea Bertke. I also had the opportunity to shadow the vet school rounds on Wednesdays which were led by Dr. Ed Monroe. In Dr. Bertke’s lab I was given the task of running Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSAs) to gather preliminary data on how Herpes Simplex Virus contributes to neuron specificity of infection. I worked in the lab for approximately 40 hours per week. II. Duties/Responsibilities Throughout the internship I grew in a tremendous amount of ways. Because this was my first research experience, I had a hard time adjusting to all the different duties of being in a lab. As the time progressed, I embraced all the duties IShow MoreRelatedEssay on Multicultural Education1681 Words   |  7 PagesMulticultural Education History/Past Challenges: One of the major goals of the American school system is to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. However, with regard to minority students, meeting this particular objective has presented a real challenge to educators as they have been confronted with the task of reshaping education in the multilingual, multicultural society that characterizes the United States. Many significant events contributed to the needRead MorePromoting Cross Cultural Competence For Pre Service Teachers Through Multicultural Education Experiences Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesPre-service Teachers Through Multicultural Education Experiences†, author Dr. Jared Keengwe discusses the growing conflict of diversity in American classrooms. Dr. Keengwe argues that 21st century educators are not properly prepared to teach, or communicate effectively with students of diverse backgrounds. In many examples provided throughout the article, Dr. Keengwe presents the negative attributes associated with such educators who lack experience in multicultural educational environments. WithRead MorePresentation Of The Philadelphia Elementary School Plan1283 Words   |  6 Pagesplan. Where We Are: Currently, the student body at both schools as following: Philadelphia Elementary School: †¢ 98% white †¢ 2% minority †¢ No free and reduced breakfast or lunch program Stanton Elementary School: †¢ 35% white †¢ 65% minority †¢ 49% of the students are on free and reduced lunch program †¢ After school program funded by a 21st Century Grant Our Concerns: In order to effectively serve all students, we need to understand the issues that we face when planning to combine schools: 1- We needRead More From Myth to Multiculturalism1325 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons why this is the case. First, the myth corresponds well with the concept that many hold about the U.S. This concept envisions America as the new Promised Land in which the weary pilgrims from all over the world find happiness, freedom, and opportunity that their former homelands did not afford. The idea that immigrants did not succeed in a prodigious manner or failed is not consistent with that notion. Three other rationales for the durability of this myth are ignorance, arrogance,Read MoreMulticultural Education, Its Purpose, Goals, And Challenges Inclusive824 Words   |  4 Pagesthe history behind multicultural education, its purpose, goals, and challenges inclusive to multiculturalism. One of the challenges’ that Banks noted was the problem was with â€Å"Ideological resistance by assimilationist is a major factor that has slowed and is still slowing the development of a multicultural curriculum† (p. 244). Bank’s literature contributed to the knowledge of historical patterns associated with multicultural education and the need for more multicultural programs in education. 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The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay - 4201 Words

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock T. S. ELIOT Questions for Discussion 1. How does the epigraph from Dante’s Inferno help Eliot comment on the modern world inâ€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†? What does it tell us about the setting of this poem? How is Montefeltro’s miscalculation related to the poem? Prufrock laments that the mermaids will not sing to him. Prufrocks dilemma represents the inability to live a meaningful existence in the modern world.[24] McCoy and Harlan wrote For many readers in the 1920s, Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual. He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment.[22] poem uses the stream of consciousness technique. If I but†¦show more content†¦4. One of the most demanding aspects of this poem is its allusions, as Eliot expected his readers to be as well educated as he was. Some allusions are fairly accessible. The allusions to Michelangelo—an artist most people are familiar with—in line 14 and again in line 36 help us imagine the women Prufrock is talking about. The function of the less accessible allusions—such as â€Å"works and days of hands† (l. 29)—may serve a different purpose. Why might Eliot have included such esoteric allusions? How do they affect your reading of the poem? Allusions aptly incorporated lend a rich penumbra of meaning and significance to the use of only few words. Granted, the average and even the above average reader will need footnotes to know the situation of Guido da Montefeltro, to understand the prefatory Italian of the poem, and to sort out which biblical Lazarus Eliot alludes to. Less demanding are the references to Shakespeare, Marvell, and Michelangelo. But recognition of allusions brings delight and a sense of intimate understanding between reader and author. The use of allusions bring a sense of intimacy between reader and author. Prufrock wishes to be comforted. 5. Consider the title of the poem. How is it ironic? In what ways is the poem a love song? The title is actually the only place where Prufrock’s name is mentioned – in the poem he talks about himself in the first person. Eliot is clearly poking fun of himself with this title – as a young man he signedShow MoreRelated Distress in The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock - The Distress of J.Alfred Prufrock The human psyche is divided into three distinct aspects: the Persona, the Shadow, and the Anima/Animus; at least, it is according to Jungian Psychology. Drawing heavily on the theories developed by Freud, Jungs psychological concepts tell us that if these three facets are not properly integrated - that is, if one of the three is overly dominant, or repressed, or all three are in conflict with each other - then an individualsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Love Song Of J.alfred Prufrock 1559 Words   |  7 Pagesof ‘The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock’. In doing so, Eliot turned his attention towards the plight of the individual, opting for the ambiguous protagonists in his poetry and exploring the often desolate and depressive urban landscape of the time through the inner workings of an individuals mind. Following on from this, throughout the poem, Eliot conveys a sense of the individual conscience as conditioned by society, through exploring the inner workings of th e persona of J.Alfred Prufrock. Prufrock’sRead More T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay2541 Words   |  11 PagesT.S. Eliots The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Works Cited Not Included The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, a poem by T.S. Eliot, provides an abundant source of material for applying Freudian analysis.[1] Specifically, it is the character Prufrock who supplies this rich source. Although many Freudian themes could have been addressed in relation to Prufrock, in this paper it will be narrowed to the prevalent themes of ambivalence and cultural frustration found in Freud#960;sRead MoreLove Song of J.Alfred Prufrock : Representation of Modern Man1827 Words   |  8 PagesTHE LOVE SONG OF J.ALFRED PRUFROC Often called the first Modernist poem, â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† was published in the prestigious American journal Poetry in June 1915. About the Poem: The poem centers on the feelings and thoughts of the eponymous speaker (the somewhat neurotic Prufrock) as he walks through the streets of London route to meet a woman for tea. 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Blog 14 †How To Put Your No Deposit Promotion To Work.

Blog 14 – How to put your no deposit promotion to work When choosing an online casino it’s important to choose one that comes with a great no deposit bonus. A no deposit bonus is basically a lump sum that is added to your account by the casino moments after registration. Each casino online offers different size no deposit bonus offers. There are casinos offering up to 200% of your deposit, and there are also casinos that offer literal no deposit bonus money by handing you cash with no need for you to do anything. The result is that you start out with an online casino with much more than you may have initially expected to your name. So, with a offer in effect, you’ve got the money you need to play and enjoy even more games, including the†¦show more content†¦This is something else that an online casino will try to prohibit. They restrict this by controlling which games the no deposit bonus can be played through This strategy is best used with blackjack, because it has a noticeably low house edge. Casino online sites understand this and as such most of them make it so a no deposit bonus can’t be played via blackjack. As you look at the different offers currently online, you may come across a â€Å"sticky bonus†. These sticky bonuses are when the no deposit bonus money is kept apart from the winnings. This is a bonus designed to keep people playing. After making your way through your initial deposit you can start playing with your sticky bonus money to keep playing without depositing additional money. The aforementioned addresses the basics of no deposit bonus and free spins no deposit offers. Now you’ve got a better understanding of them, it’s time for you to find the best no deposit bonus you can and put it to work! 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Contemporary Business Thinking Course Notes Essay Sample free essay sample

†¢ Build larger. efficient production capacity to work economic systems of – graduated table: large production to acquire smallest cost per unit – range: efficient usage of common points†¢ Create extended selling and distribution channels †¢ Establish well-organized direction squads Measure 2: Implement a â€Å"Strategy of Leadership† †¢ Continuous research. betterment and invention†¢ Systematically lower costs and better quality†¢ Expand selling and distribution ( geographically and market-wise ) †¢ Compete sharply and neer allow up First movers†¢ Confidently seize chances through major committednesss ( FIRST ) †¢ Constantly better and sharply compete ( BEST ) †¢ Manage logically and consistently ( BEST )†¢ Maintain and nurture their competitory capablenesss ( RIGHT ) Other constructs: †¢ Functional divisions†¢ Management hierarchy†¢ Research and development†¢ Related variegation†¢ Separation of top vs. in-between direction†¢ Stock market force per unit areas†¢ Short-term thought GREINER Development 1: Creativity†¢ Merchandise†¢ Dedication†¢ Target marketRevolution 1: Leadership†¢ Motivational issues†¢ Leader to pull off employees†¢ Capital/accounting processes neededDevelopment 2: Direction†¢ Functional organisation: separate fabrication from marketing†¢ Accounting for stock list and buying†¢ Motivation by money Revolution 2: Autonomy†¢ Lower degree have restraints and can non take enterprise†¢ Top degree don’t want to give up their duties†¢ Moral and motive lesseningsDevelopment 3: Deputation†¢ Responsiveness ( depute undertakings )†¢ Net income centres and fillips†¢ Acquire outside endeavors Revolution 3: Control†¢ Top executives feel loss of control†¢ Everyone is making what he/she wants†¢ Lack of communicating Development 4: Coordination ( formal systems )†¢ Establish new formal processs†¢ Efficient allotment†¢ No loss of response Revolution 4: Red-tape ( lack assurance )†¢ Gaps in degrees†¢ Outgrow the established new processs because company is excessively big to be run by formal and stiff systems Development 5: Collaboration†¢ Focus of squad action†¢ Communication is frequentRevolution 5: ? crisis†¢ Psychological state of affairs ( rest. We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Business Thinking Course Notes Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page reflect. regenerate ) †¢ Habit construction ( day-to-day work )†¢ Brooding construction ( personal contemplation ) Guidelines for directors of turning organisations: Know where you are in the development sequence †¢ Leaderships should be able to work with the flow†¢ Leaderships should non avoid declarations. They provide force per unit area. thoughts and consciousness that initiate alterationAcknowledge the limited scope of solutions †¢ Different state of affairss ( stages ) require different solutions †¢ Solving crisis and traveling toward following stage requires self-awareness in top direction and inter-personal accomplishments to carry that alteration is needed Recognize that solutions breed new jobs †¢ Organization solutions create future jobs†¢ Being aware of this can assist directors measure jobs with historical understanding alternatively of faulting current development †¢ Can besides help foretell jobs in front of clip and enforce header schemes COLLINS AND PORRAS Five Criteria of a good BHAG: 1. Are set with understanding. non bravado2. Fit forthrightly in the three circles3. Have a longtime frame ( 10 to 30 old ages )4. Are clear. compelling and easy to hold on5. Directly reflect your nucleus values and nucleus intent Definitions: †¢ Core values: guiding rules to adhere to no affair what ; they neer change†¢ Core intent: the underlying ‘why’ you are seeking to mount the mountain†¢ BHAG: the specific mountain you are presently seeking to mount†¢ Scheme: the path you intend to take and the general methods you intend to utilize to make the top of that specific mountain†¢ Base cantonments: intermediate aims to the top of the mountain ; the ends on the manner up to accomplishing the BHAG†¢ Tacticss: specific methods for mounting the subdivisions of stone and ice that confront you right now ; programs for acquiring things done Porter Scheme is basically about doing picks. lodging with them and polishing them to acquire better at it.Operational Effectiveness if non Strategy †¢ It is a demand. non an advantage†¢ Consists of making what you choose to make in an effectual and efficient manner ( it works and it works good )Scheme Rests on Unique Activities †¢ The more common something is. the less it is valued or particular †¢ If you can specialise in one assortment of things. or run intoing the demands of one peculiar group of clients. or supplying particular entree. you may be able to make value Sustainable Position Requires Trade-offs †¢ Enable you to concentrate. be typical. crisp and clear ( repositing ) †¢ Straddling makes you vulnerable. cognizing where you stand gives you strengthFit Drives both Competitive Advantage and Sustainability †¢ Simple fit means activities fit together – no via medias or contradictions †¢ Reinforcing activities means one activity contributes to do another work better. excessively †¢ Optimization of attempt agencies sharpening the overall tantrum Rediscovering Scheme †¢ Failure to take†¢ Growth Trap†¢ Profitable Growth ( attempts to turn blur singularity. create via medias. cut down tantrum and undermine competitory advantage ) KAPLAN AND NORTON The balance scorecard is a construct for mensurating whether the activities of a company are run intoing its aims in footings of vision and scheme. By concentrating non merely on fiscal results but besides on the human issues. the balanced scorecard helps to supply a more comprehensive position of a concern which in bend helps organisations to move in their best long-run involvements. â€Å"Bottom line† is non adequate Customer position †¢ What matters most to clients?†¢ Corporate missions normally focus on clients†¢ Company public presentation from client position is a precedence of top direction †¢ Balance scorecard demands that directors translate mission on client service into specific steps that reflect what clients want Internal concern position †¢ How can we bring forth to run into client outlooks? †¢ Excellent client public presentation derives from procedures. determinations and actions happening withinInvention and larning position †¢ How can we do continual betterments?†¢ This position identifies the parametric quantities that the company considers most of import for competitory success †¢ Targets for success support altering due to intense planetary competition. so continual betterments are needed †¢ A company’s ability to introduce. better and larn ties straight to the company’s value Fiscal position †¢ How can we guarantee profitableness for stockholders? †¢ This position indicates whether the company’s scheme. execution and executing are lending to bottom-line betterment. †¢ Typical fiscal ends have to make with profitableness. growing and stockholder value FRENCH AND RAVEN Wages †¢ Expectation of award ; the sensed ability to give positive effects or take negative 1sCoercive †¢ Power to penalize ; the sensed ability to penalize those who do non conform to your thoughts or demandsLegalize †¢ Based on values ; organisational ability ; the perceptual experience that person has the right to order behaviour due to election or assignment to a place of duty Referent †¢ Desire to tie in ; through association with others who possess powerExpert †¢ Perception of greater cognition ; based on holding typical cognition. expertise. ability or accomplishments*Managers who merely focus on one signifier of power will non win HERTZBERG KITA †¢ Kick in the buttocks †¢ Old manner direction system with penalty and wages†¢ Three types:– Negative physical– Negative psychological– Positive Negative Physical KITA †¢ Literal application †¢ Drawbacks:– Inelegant– Contradicts the cherished image of benevolence that most organisations cherish – Since it is a physical onslaught. it straight stimulates the autonomic nervous system and consequences in negative feedback from the employee Negative Psychological KITA †¢ Advantages over negative physical:– Invisible inhuman treatment– Affects the higher cortical centres of the encephalon with its repressive power. so it reduces the possibility of physical recoil – The individual administrating the boot can be above it all and allow the system carry through the soiled work – Those who pattern it receive some ego satisfaction whereas they would happen blood abhorrent – If employee complains. there is no cogent evidence †¢ â€Å"I am motivated so you move†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ does non make motivePositive KITA †¢ Seduction Myths about Motivation 1. Reducing clip spent at work2. Gyrating rewards3. Fringe benefits4. Human dealingss preparation5. Sensitivity preparation6. Communicationss7. Two-way communicating8. Job engagement9. Employee reding Hygiene vs. Incentives Hygiene factors are needed to guarantee that an employee does non go disgruntled. They do non take to higher degrees of satisfaction. but without them there is dissatisfaction. †¢ Working conditions†¢ Quality of supervising†¢ Salary†¢ Status†¢ Security†¢ Company†¢ Job†¢ Company policies and disposal†¢ Interpersonal dealingss Motivation factors are needed in order to actuate employees into higher public presentation. These factors result from internal generators in employees. †¢ Accomplishment†¢ Recognition of accomplishments†¢ Responsibility of undertakings†¢ Interest in the occupation†¢ Advancement to higher degree undertakings†¢ Growth Uniting the hygiene and motive factors consequences in: High hygiene+High motivation=Ideal( employees are extremely motivated and there are few ailments ) High hygiene+Low motivation=Paycheck ( employees’ motive is low and based on money. but there are few ailments ) Low hygiene+High motivation=Poor work conditions but occupation is disputing and exciting Low hygiene+Low motivation=Worst ( unmotivated and tonss of ailments ) Work can and should be arranged in the undermentioned ways:†¢ Job expansion†¢ Job rotary motion and/or†¢ Job enrichment Mintzberg Myths: Directors are brooding. systematic contrivers. Fact:Directors work at an grim gait. their activities are characterized by brevity. assortment and discontinuity and they are strongly oriented to actions and dislike brooding activities. Myth: Effective manages have no regular responsibilities to execute. Fact: Managerial work involves executing a figure of regular responsibilities. including ritual and ceremonial. dialogues and emanations of soft information that links the organisation with its environment. Myth: Senior directors need aggregated information. which a formal direction information system best provides. Fact: Directors strongly favor verbal media. telephone calls and meetings. over paperss. Myth: Management is. or at least is rapidly going. a scientific discipline and a profession. Fact: The managers’ plans ( to schedule clip. procedure information. do determinations and so on ) remain locked deep inside their encephalons. So. the existent undertakings: †¢ Managers sit between the organisation and a web of contacts †¢ Managers demonstrate a strong penchant for verbal media ( telephone and meetings. as opposed to get off and Tourss ) †¢ Managers appear to be able to command their ain personal businesss †¢ Managers trade with people. non things Managerial functions: †¢ Interpersonal ( chiefly )– Figurehead. leader. affair †¢ Informational ( every bit good as )– Spokesperson. proctor. propagator †¢ Decisional ( eventually )– Resource distributor. enterpriser. perturbation animal trainer. negotiant LEVITT Nothing lasts everlastingly Fateful intents †¢ Failure is at the top. The executives responsible for it are those who deal with wide purposes and policies.Mistake of analysis †¢ Error of specifying an industry or a merchandise or a bunch of know-how so narrowly as to vouch its premature aging. Restricting oneself is non good.The history of every dead and deceasing growing industry shows a self-deceiving rhythm of big enlargement and undetected decay. There are 4 conditions which normally guarantee this rhythm†¢ The belief that growing is assured by an spread outing and more flush population †¢ The belief that there is no competitory replacement for the industry’s major merchandise †¢ Too much religion in mass production and in the advantaged of quickly worsening unit costs as end product rises †¢ Preoccupation with a merchandise that lends itself to carefully controlled scientific experimentation. betterment and fabrication cost decrease †¢ P Population growing†¢ U Uniqueness†¢ M Mass production ( production force per unit areas )†¢ P Perfecting ( dangers of research and development ) Ex-husbands: Dry cleansing. electric public-service corporations. food market shops â€Å"Inside out† selling Selling = internally-orientedMarketing = needs-based HANDY Sigmoid Curve Before the curve starts tapering. as shortly at growing slows down. a good direction starts inquiring inquiries. This necessarily creates statements in the company because it is hard to carry people to alter when nil is incorrect what how things are. Once the curve tapers. a company must seek and maintain afloat for every bit long as possible ( until something comes along ) by reconstructing what they had.When you do non desire to alter †¢ You make money on the worsening merchandise because you merely rake in without puting any extra moneyWhen you commit excessively late †¢ The 1s merely get downing to believe in possible. They lose money along the manner due to investings. Planing to merely stand the class will non ever work because person will come along and be better. Unless a company is a perfect theoretical account of what Porter says and no 1 can calculate out how they do whatever they do. Company Y will take it while Company X is traveling downhill.The spread after that will be excessively large for Company X to of all time catch up. Company X is now # 2. Chandler’s point about first-mover and Porter’s point about imitation.

12 Angry Men Boy Is Innocent Essay Example For Students

12 Angry Men: Boy Is Innocent Essay 12 Angry Men: Boy Is Innocent Essay Gentlemen of the jury, I would like to point out to you three pieces of evidence that prove this young boy is innocent. I would like to revewthe purchase of the knife, the old man hearing a yell, and the movie theater. The future of this young boy is in your hands now, make the right decision. Find him innocent. First off, the knife that was purchased the night of the murder. After fighting with his dad, he wanted to get away from his house. He lives in the slum, a very dangerous place. Feeling he needed defense, he went to the shop and bought this knife. He is very knowledgeable of knives, and here is something to think about. The wound that was found on his dad cut at a strange angle. If this boy had stabbed him, it would have been a an underhand cut. Not like the overhand wound found on his dad. What about the old man claiming to hear the boy yell? How could this be possible? The old man does not have that good of hearing. Also, at that same time, the train was going by his house. This train is very loud. How could an old man with poor hearing hear this? . This old man is not a believable witness to the murder of this man. You cant believe what he said. The train was just too loud for him to possibly hear the yells of the boy. After leaving his house, the boy went to see a movie to get away from all of this. He was under total stress. I am sure he did not care to look at the title of the movie. He probably just wanted in to get away. This way his mind was focused on other things other than his father. He thought that if he got away. he would come back in a better mood to be with his father. I have presented you with the three best points of evidence to prove the innocence of this young boy. Think of this, how could a young boy do this to his father? Even though he was a victim of abuse, l love is still inside him. That is why this boy is innocent. Now remember, Jury, this is a life and death situation that sits in front of you. Make the right decision, or the young life of an innocent child will be ruined forever. The defense rests. English .

Tips to Write a UW Writing Sample Or Essay

Tips to Write a UW Writing Sample Or EssayThe UW Writing Sample or Essay is an example of an essay written in English. Essays used by universities and colleges should be relatively clear in content. A poorly written essay may be rejected by a university and your GPA will suffer because of this. The UWC has also been used by students and educators as a teaching aid for many years.For the academic writing essay, one can write it using his own voice. A lot of effort will be required to write the essay in the proper manner, and one has to write in a logical manner. You should avoid using past tense tenses in the essay because that would create the feeling that you are talking about the event and not writing it. When writing the UW Writing Sample or Essay, keep it short and to the point and have an outline that you can refer to at any time when you come across a difficulty.The first step for writing a UW Writing Sample or Essay is to list down the topic of the essay. Make sure that it doe s not have any grammatical mistakes, or it would be embarrassing to students if they get caught on the topic. It is important to understand how to format the essay before writing it. You can either do it yourself or seek help from a professional who can edit it for you. The formatting is something that needs to be thought of while doing research and when learning how to format the essay.To prepare for writing a UW Writing Sample or Essay, read a lot of essays and journals. If possible, find a course or seminar that would help you write a good essay. As you go through reading essays, you will find out that there are a lot of common themes that are also used in many essays. You can also pick up these themes and structure your UW Writing Sample or Essay around them.A writing sample can vary in length depending on the topic and audience. The appropriate length of the UW Writing Sample or Essay will depend on the length of the essay. Your goal is to make the essay as short as possible so that you can submit it easily and quickly for grading.Remember that the essay is not meant to be long. It is just intended to give an idea about your reasoning and understanding of the subject matter. Think of this as your thesis statement or opening paragraph.After doing your research, write a rough draft of the UW Writing Sample or Essay. Once you get it ready, put in your public reading as many times as you can. This will give you feedback about how well you are doing with your essay.Finally, send the UW Writing Sample or Essay for grading to the college or university. In this way, you can achieve high marks in your writing assignments.

distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact Essay Example

distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact Essay Hume makes a distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact. Relation of ideas is a priori, meaning that it can be justified by reason. It does not depend on something else that exists in the universe. Denying, or trying to falsify the propositions is a contradiction or inconceivable. People gain this knowledge intuitively, or through demonstrative reasoning. Matters of fact are posteriori in that they are only justified through experience. They are possible, but they may not be necessary, and it is consequently necessary to deny them without contradiction. Denying such propositions is conceivable. People know and understand this knowledge through cause and effect, and this is based on their experiences; accordingly, it is not possible to demonstrate it. This makes it possible to infer an unobserved fact from an observed one. Since there is no contradiction made in denying matters of fact, then one cannot justify a causal inference. People are able to tell what will happen in the future because of what they have observed in the past. Reasoning by induction is based and justified on a universal principle, which explains with certainty that the future will resemble the past. It is not possible to determine a universal principle, through reason since denying such a reason would be possible and conceivable. Hume, further points out that reasoning by induction is not valid because of the impossibility of proving a universal principle. People’s acceptance of a universal principle is not rational since they have no reason for doing something in their own way, and not in another way. It is possible to get the intended results, but the results can also fail. People’s acceptance of a universal principle is based on customs rather than reason. There are two parts of the dilemma. If determinism is true, then there is no free will. If there is indeterminism, then there is no control of will, and consequently, no control of action. Determinism is the idea that all events are caused, and, as a result, there is no free will since all actions are pre determined. Determinists believe that having free will means acknowledging the idea of a supernatural. The existence of a supernatural enables them to make conscious decisions, and this separates them from the other natural world. This limits people in the decisions they make. A person who is worried and conscious about the alternative he chooses does not have free will when making that decision. Compatibilism posits that it is possible to have determinism and free will. Incompatibilism rejects the idea of free will in determinism. Compatibilism rejects the idea of someone or an agent determining a person’s actions because if this were the case, then there would be no free wi ll. Some compatibilists believe that a free willed action is one that a person does out of his own decision, without any force or compulsion from someone. The definition of free will or freedom is the main determinant in understanding compatibilism in such a case. Such compatibilists believe that freedom is lack of constraints by forces, which are beyond someone’s control. In such a case then, the person has both free will and determinism. We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Libertarians are incompatibilists, in that they do not believe that free will and determinism are compatible. They recognize that there may be some constraints limiting people’s actions, but these constraints do not determine people’s actions. People are rational and they are capable of choosing one choice from the possible alternatives freely. Compatibilism recognizes the presence of determinism, which in essence hinders free will. Libertarianism advocates the idea of people being free. Actions are free if they originate from the agent, and if there are alternatives. This gives the agent the freedom of the mind, in terms of the actions thought of and the freedom to choose from the alternatives. Agent-causation means that the agent has free will in determining the cause of the action. This differs from event causation, whereby the agent does not have any free will. A chain of caused events begins with the agents, and the agents do not act in response to the event, which would signify them having limited options.

The role of the nurse in health promotion The WritePass Journal

The role of the nurse in health promotion Introduction The role of the nurse in health promotion IntroductionReference ListRelated Introduction This assignment proposes to discuss the role of the nurse in health promotion.   To facilitate the discussion in the delivery of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health promotion, the health risk of tobacco smoking in relation to Lung Cancer has been chosen.   National policies will be explored in relation to smoking and how these influence the delivery of health promotion by the nurse.   The barriers to health promotion will be identified along with ways in which these may be overcome. The intention of the World Health Organisation (WHO) to achieve â€Å"Health for All† by the year 2000 was published in their Ottawa Charter, the outcome of which was to build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen communities, develop personal skills and reorient health services.   They identified key factors which can hinder or be conducive to health; political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural, and biological (WHO 1986). The current health agenda for the UK aims to improve the health of the population and reduce inequalities with particular emphasis on prevention and targeting the number of people who smoke (DH 2010). Inequalities in health have been extensively researched and although attempts have been made to overcome these, there is evidence to support that the divide between the rich and the poor still exists in society.   Marmot (2010) highlighted the lower social classes had the poorest health and identified social factors such as low income and deprivation as the root causes which affect health and well being.  Ã‚   Increased smoking levels were found to be more prevalent in this cohort.   Bilton et al (2002) suggests the environment an individual lives in can have an adverse effect on health in that it can influence patterns of behaviour.   For example, families living in poor housing conditions, in poverty or in an environment away from a social support network can suffer psychological stress; which in turn can prompt coping behaviours such as tobacco smoking (Blackburn 1991, Denny Earle 2005). Smoking is a modifiable risk factor to chronic disease such as Cancer of the Lung, with 90% of these cases being the result of smoking (Cancer Research UK 2009) it  Ã‚   is the single biggest preventable cause of premature death and illness and is more detrimental to the poorer in society.   Responsible for 80,000 lives per year, the huge financial burden on the NHS to treat illness associated with smoking is estimated at  £2.7 billion each year (DH 2010).   This illustrates the huge opportunity for public health to address the wider issues associated with inequalities and to target people who smoke.   Various White papers have demonstrated the Government’s commitment in reducing smoking figures and preventing uptake, both at individual and population levels, through health promotion activity, empowering individuals and enabling them to make healthier lifestyle choices (DH 2004, DH 2006, DH 2010). Health promotion is a complex activity and is difficult to define.   Davies and Macdowall (2006) describe health promotion as â€Å"any strategy or intervention that is designed to improve the health of individuals and its population†.  Ã‚   However perhaps one of the most recognised definitions is that of the World Health Organisation’s who describes health promotion as â€Å"a process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (WHO 1986). If we look at this in relation to the nurse’s role in smoking cessation and giving advice to a patient, this can be seen as a positive concept in that with the availability of information together with support, the patient is then able to make an informed decision, thus creating empowerment and an element of self control.   Bright (1997) supports this notion suggesting that empowerment is created when accurate information and knowledgeable advice is given, thus aiding the development of personal skills and self esteem. A vital component of health promotion is health education which aims to change behaviour by providing people with the knowledge and skills they require to make healthier decisions and enable them to fulfil their potential.  Ã‚   Healthy Lives Healthy People (2010) highlight the vital role nurses play in the delivery of health promotion with particular attention on prevention at primary and secondary levels.  Ã‚   Nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices.   This encourages people to take charge of their own health and to increase feelings of personal autonomy (Christensen 2006).  Ã‚   Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, therefore nurses are in a prime position to help people to quit by offering encouragement, provide information and refer to smoking cessation services. There are various approaches to health promotion, each approach has a different aim but all share the same desired goal, to promote good health and prevent or avoid ill health (Peate 2006).   The medical approach contains three levels of prevention as highlighted by Naidoo and Wills (2000), primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary health promotion aims to reduce the exposure to the causes and risk factors of illness in order to prevent the onset of disease (Tones Green 2004).   In this respect it is the abstinence of smoking and preventing the uptake through health education and preventative measures.   One such model of prevention is that of Tannahill’s (1990) which consists of three overlapping circles; health education for example a nurse may be involved in the distribution of leaflets educating individuals or a wider community regarding health risks of smoking, prevention, aimed at reducing the exposure to children, for example, in 2007 the legal age for tobacco sales increased from age 16 to 18 years in an attempt to reduce the availability to young people and prevent them from starting to smoke (DH 2008),   health protection such as lobbying for a ban on smoking in public places. If we look at this in relation to the role of the school nurse, this is a positive step when implementing school policies such as no smoking on school premises for staff and visitors, as this legislation supports the nurse’s role when providing information regarding the legal aspects of smoking.  Ã‚   Research demonstrates that interventions are most effective when combined with strategies such as mass media and government legislation (Edwards 2010).  Ã‚   Having an awareness of such campaigns and legislation is essential to aid best practice and the nurse must ensure that knowledge and skills are regularly updated, a standard set by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008). Croghan Voogd (2009) identify the school nurse’s role as essential in the health and well-being of children in preventing smoking.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people begin to smoke as children, the earlier smoking is initiated, the harder the habit is to break (ASH) and this unhealthy behaviour can advance into adulthood.  Ã‚   Current statistics illustrate that in 2009 6% of children aged 11-15 years were regular smokers (Office for National Statistics 2009).   These figures demonstrate the importance of prevention and intervention at an early stage as identified by the National Service Framework (NSF) for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (DH 2004).   Smith (2009) highlights the school nurse as being in an advantageous position to address issues such as smoking and suggests that by empowering children by providing support and advice, this will enable them to adopt healthy lifestyles. NICE (2010) suggest school based interventions to prevent children smoking aimed at improving self esteem and resisting peer pressure, with information on the legal, economic and social aspects of smoking and the harmful effects to health.  Ã‚   Walker et al (2006) argue self esteem is determined by childhood experiences and people with a low self esteem are more likely to conform to behaviours of other people.  Ã‚   This can be a potential barrier in the successful delivery of health promotion at this level, with young children exposed to pressure to conform; they are more likely to take up unhealthy behaviours such as smoking (Parrott 2004).  Ã‚   The nurse can overcome this by working in partnership with teachers and other staff members to promote self-esteem by ensuring an environment conducive to learning, free from disruptive behaviour which promotes autonomy, motivation, problem solving skills and encourages self-worth (NICE 2009). Despite the well known health risks to tobacco smoking, unfortunately 1 in 5 individuals continue to smoke (DH 2010).   Whitehead (2001) cited in Davies (2006) argues the nurse must recognise and understand health related behaviour in order to promote health.   Therefore, when delivering health promotion the nurse needs to be aware of all the factors which can affect health, some of which can be beyond individual control.   Smoking cessation is one of the most important steps a person can make to improve their health and increase life expectancy, as smokers live on average 8 years less than non smokers (Roddy Ross 2007). Secondary prevention intends to shorten episodes of illness and prevent the progression of ill health through early diagnosis and treatment (Naidoo Wills 2000).   This can be directed towards the role of the practice nurse in a Primary Care setting, where patients attend for treatment and advice that have symptoms of illness or disease as a result of smoking, such as Bronchitis.   Nice guidelines (2006) recommend that all individuals who come into contact with health professionals should be advised to cease smoking, unless there are exceptional circumstances where this would not be appropriate, and for those who do not wish to stop, smoking status should be recorded and reviewed once a year.   It is therefore essential the nurse maintains accurate and up to date record keeping. Smoking cessation advice can be tailored to the specific individual and therefore it is important that the nurse has the knowledge and counselling skills for this to be effective.   The process of any nursing intervention is ultimately assessment, planning, implementing and evaluating (Yura Walsh 1978), this applies to all nurses in any given situation including health promotion.   One such method of smoking cessation which can be used as an assessment tool is known as the 5 ‘A’s approach, ‘ask, assess, advise, assist, arrange’ (Britton 2004).   â€Å"Ask† about tobacco use, for example how many cigarettes are smoked each day, and â€Å"assess† willingness and motivation to quit, taking a detailed history to assess addiction.  Ã‚   Objective data can be obtained using a Smokerlyser which measures Carbon Monoxide levels in expired air (Wells Lusignan 2003).   These simple devices can be used as a motivational tool to encourage cessat ion and abstinence.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Castledine (2007) suggests the principle of a good health promoter is to motivate people to enable them to make healthier choices; this is made possible by the ability to engage with individuals at all levels.   Individuals who are not motivated are unlikely to succeed (Naidoo Wills 2000).  Ã‚   â€Å"Advise† patients to stop smoking and reinforce the health benefits to quitting, â€Å"assist† the patient to stop, setting a quit date and discussing ways in which nicotine withdrawal can be overcome.   Being unable to cope with the physical symptoms of withdrawal can cause relapse and be a barrier to success, therefore it is essential the nurse possesses a good knowledge base of the products available to assist in reducing these symptoms if she is to persuade people to comply with treatment, such as the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).  Ã‚  Ã‚   NRT is useful in assisting people to stop smoking and has proved, in some in stances to double the success rate (Upton Thirlaway 2010).   NRT products are continually changed and updated; therefore the nurse must ensure she has the knowledge and skills to identify which products are available, the suitability, how it works and any potential side effects.   Identifying triggers and developing coping strategies is useful for maintenance of a new behaviour, measures such as substituting cigarettes for chewing gum and changing habits and routines are just some of the ways in which self control can be achieved (Ewles Simnett 1999).   Finally â€Å"arrange† a follow up, providing continual support and engagement. For patients who do not wish to stop smoking, advice should be given with encouragement to seek early medical treatment on detection of any signs and symptoms of disease.   Good communication skills are essential to the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and a patient and these must be used effectively by providing clear, accurate and up to date information.   The nurse should be an active listener and encourage the patient to talk, using open-ended questions helps demonstrate a willingness to listen, listening and showing concern for a patient’s condition demonstrates respect (Peate 2006).   The use of medical jargon and unfamiliar words can be a barrier to communication and should be avoided as these can affect a patients understanding.   Leaflets can reinforce information provided by the nurse and increase patient knowledge, however the nurse must ensure these are in a format and language the patient can understand.   Lack of literacy skills can prevent a patient reading and understanding the content of a leaflet, the nurse can assist with this by reading and explaining to them. To assist in the assessment process the nurse may utilise a model of behaviour such as Prochaska DiClemente’s stages of change model (1984).   This works on the assumption that individuals go through a number of stages in order to change behaviour, from pre -contemplation where a person has not considered a behaviour change, to maintenance, when a healthier lifestyle has been adopted by the new behaviour.  Ã‚   The stage a person is at will determine the intervention given by the nurse; therefore it is essential that an effective assessment takes place.   Walsh (2002) highlights patient motivation as central to success using this model, in that a patient will have more motivation; the more involved they are in planning the change. Despite the health promoting activities mentioned and the increasing public awareness of the health risks to smoking, there are people who continue to smoke and some further develop illness as a consequence.   Lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates, and as little as 7% of men and 9% of women in England and Wales will live five years after diagnosis (Cancer Research UK 2011).   Acknowledging this, the governments â€Å"Cancer Plan† aimed to tackle and reform cancer care in England by raising awareness of the signs and symptoms of cancer by investing in staff and extending the nurses role (DH 2000).   This involves further training and education for nurses to develop their skills and knowledge to enable them to provide the treatment and/or advice required.   This was succeeded by â€Å"Improving outcomes: a strategy for cancer† the aim being to enable patients living with cancer a â€Å"healthy life as possible†.  Ã‚   The government pledged  £10.75 million into advertising a â€Å"signs and symptoms† campaign to raise awareness of the three cancers accounting for the most deaths, breast, bowel and lung, to encourage the public to seek early help on detection of any symptoms (DH 2011).   Currently no results are available on the effectiveness of this intervention due to its recent publication, however, one national policy that has had a positive effect on the health of individuals and the population is that of the â€Å"smoke-free England† policy implemented in 2007 prohibiting smoking in workplaces and enclosed public places.   Primarily this policy was enforced to protect the public from second hand smoke; however, on introduction of the law smoking cessation services saw an increase in demand by 20%, as smokers felt the environment was conducive to them being able to quit (DH 2008).   This policy also extended to hospital grounds, and the nurse must ensure a patient who smokes is aware of this on a dmission and use every opportunity possible to promote health. Tertiary prevention aims to halt the progression, or reduce the complications, of established disease by effective treatment or rehabilitation (Tones Green 2004).   A diagnosis of cancer can cause great distress and a patient may go through a whole host of emotions.   Naidoo and Wills (2000) suggest the aim of tertiary prevention is to reduce suffering and concerns helping people to cope with their illness.  Ã‚   The community nurses role has been identified as pivotal in providing support for patients and families living with cancer (DH 2000).   The World Health Organisation describe Palliative care as treatment to relieve, rather than cure, the symptoms caused by cancer,   and suggest palliative care can provide relief from physical, psychosocial and spiritual problems in over 90% of cancer patients (WHO 2011). Assessment and the provision of health education and information at this stage remains the same as that in secondary prevention, and it is not uncommon for the two to overlap.   Providing advice and education on symptom control may alleviate some of the symptoms the patient experiences,   for example breathlessness is a symptom of lung cancer (Lakasing Tester 2006), and relaxation techniques may reduce this (Cancer Research UK 2011), therefore the nurse may be involved in teaching these techniques to the patient and family members.   Continual smoking despite a lung cancer diagnosis can exacerbate shortness of breath and reduce survival rate (Roddy Ross 2007), therefore the nurse can use this opportunity to reinforce the risks of smoking.   However, the nurse must use her judgement effectively and be sensitive to the patient’s condition, as the willingness to learn and respond to teaching can be affected by emotional state (Walsh 2002).   Establishing effective pai n control is essential in the care of a cancer patient and this may involve discussion with the patients GP if medication needs adjusting.   A referral to specialist help lines such as those provided by Macmillan cancer support may be useful in assisting a patient and/or family to cope with cancer, these services can be accessed in person or by telephone.   These are just two examples of collaborative working and demonstrate the importance of inter-professional working. In conclusion, with the emphasis of health promotion concerning prevention of illness and disease, the role of the nurse is essential in raising awareness and providing education and advice to individuals to facilitate behaviour change. The complexities of health promotion indicate the extensive competences a nurse must possess to empower and motivate individuals.   However, governments also have a responsibility to promote and protect health and are pivotal in introducing national policy to build â€Å"healthy publics† and environments conducive to health. Reference List Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) no date (online) available at: ash.org.uk/pathfinder/young-people-and-tobacco.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 09.00am Bilton, T. Blackburn, C. (1991) Poverty and health: working with families. Bucks, Open University Press Bright, J. (1997) Health promotion in clinical practice: Targeting the health of the nation.   London, Bailliere Tindall Britton, J. (2004)   ABC of smoking cessation. Oxford, Blackwell publishing Cancer Research UK (2009) (online) available at: info.cancerresearchuk.org/healthyliving/smokingandtobacco/howdoweknow.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 10.20am Cancer Research UK (2011) (online) available at: cancerhelp.org.uk/type/lung-cancer/living/coping-with-breathlessness.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 10.30am Castledine, G. (2007) Don’t use the term ‘health promotion’ to promote health.   British Journal of Nursing. . Vol 16, issue 6, pp 375 Christensen, M. Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2006) Empowerment in nursing: Paternalism or maternalism. British Journal of Nursing, Vol 15, issue 13, pp 695-699 Croghan, E. Voogd, C. (2009) Time to employ more school nurses. British Journal of School Nurses, Vol 4, no 9, pp 421 Davies, M. Macdowall, W. (2006) Health Promotion Theory, Understanding Public Health.   London, Open University Press Denny, E. Earle, S. (2005) Sociology for Nurses.   Cambridge, Polity press, Department of Health (2000) The NHS Cancer Plan: a plan for investment, a plan for reform.   London, The Stationary office Department of Health (2004) Choosing Health: Making healthy choices easier.   London, The Stationary Office Department of Health (2004) National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services, London, The Stationary Office Department of Health (2006) Our Health, Our Care, Our Community: Investing in the future of community hospitals and services.   London, The stationary Office Department of Health (2008) Smoke-free England – One year on.   London, The Stationary Office Department of Health (2008) Consultation on the future of tobacco control.   London, The Stationary Office Department of Health (2010) Healthy Lives Healthy People.   London, The Stationary Office Department of Health (2011) Improving Outcomes: a strategy for cancer.   London, The Stationary Office Edwards, S. (2010) Smoking part 2: Preventing uptake among young people.   British Journal of School Nursing, vol 5 no 8, pp 384-387 Ewles, L. Simnett, I. (1999) Promoting Health A practical Guide. 4th edition, London, Bailliere Tindall Lakasing, E. Tester, M. (2006) How to manage Lung Cancer in primary Care.   Practice Nursing 2006, vol 17, no 1, pp 35-39 Marmot, M. (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives. (online) available at: marmotreview.org/assetlibrary/pdfs/reports/fairsociety/healthylives.pdf.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 11.00am Naidoo, J. Wills, J. (2000) Health Promotion: Foundations for Nursing practice, London, Bailliere Tindall National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2006) Brief interventions and referral for smoking cessation in primary care and other settings. (online) available at: nice.org/nicemedia/live/11375/31864/31864-pdf.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 09.20am National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2009) Social and emotional wellbeing in secondary education: guidance 20. (online) available at: nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11991/45484/45484/pdf.   Date accessed 3.3.11, 09.00am National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2010) School-based interventions to prevent the uptake of smoking among children and young people, guidance 23.    (online)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at: nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12827/47582.pdf.   Date accessed 14.2.11, 11.30am Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The code:standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives, (online) available at: nmc-uk.org/nurses-and-midwives/the-code/the-code-in-full.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 10.30am Office For National Statistics (ONS) (2009) Statistics on Smoking: England 2010. (online) available   Ã‚   at: ic.nhsuk/webfiles/publications/health%20and%20lifestyles/statistics-on-smoking-2010.pdf.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 13.20 Parrott, A. (2004) Understanding drugs and behaviour. Chichester, Wiley (online). Available at: netlibrary.com/Reader/.   Date accessed 25.5.11, 10.20am Peate, I. (2006) Becoming a nurse in the 21st Century, London, Wiley Publishing Prochaska, J O. DiClemente, C C (1984) The transtheoretical approach: crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood Roddy, E. Ross D. (2007) British Thoracic Society core competencies – Health professionals and tobacco. (online) available at: brit-thoracic.org.uk/clinical-information/smoking-smoking-cessation/smoking-education.aspx.   Date accessed 22.5.11, 20.30 Smith, F. (2009) School nursing in the UK: where are we now. British journal of School Nursing, vol 4, no 7, pp 351-352 Tannahill Tones, K. Green, J. (2004) Health Promotion planning and strategies.   London, Sage Upton, D. Thirlaway, K. (2010) Promoting Healthy Behaviour.   A practical guide for nursing and healthcare professionals. Essex, Pearson Education Ltd Walker, J. Payne, S. Smith, P. Jarrett, N. (2005) Psychology for nurses and the caring professions, 2nd edition, London, Open University Press Walsh, M. (2002) Watson’s Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences, 6th edition.   London, Bailliere Tindall Wells, S. De Lusignan, S. (2003) Does screening for loss of lung function help smokers give up?   British Journal of Nursing, vol 12, no 12, pp 744-750 Whitehead, D. As cited in Davies, K. (2006).   What is effective intervention? – using theories of health promotion.   British Journal of nursing, vol15, no 5, pp 252-256 World Health Organisation (WHO) (1986) Ottawa Charter. (online) available at: who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa-charter-hp.pdf.   Date accessed 11.12.10, 15.20 World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011) Cancer fact sheet No 297 (online) available at: who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/.   Date accessed 9.5.11, 10.30 Yura, D. Walsh, MB. (1978) Human needs and the nursing process. New York,   Appleton Century Crofts