Contemporary Business Thinking Course Notes Essay Sample free essay sample

†¢ Build larger. efficient production capacity to work economic systems of – graduated table: large production to acquire smallest cost per unit – range: efficient usage of common points†¢ Create extended selling and distribution channels †¢ Establish well-organized direction squads Measure 2: Implement a â€Å"Strategy of Leadership† †¢ Continuous research. betterment and invention†¢ Systematically lower costs and better quality†¢ Expand selling and distribution ( geographically and market-wise ) †¢ Compete sharply and neer allow up First movers†¢ Confidently seize chances through major committednesss ( FIRST ) †¢ Constantly better and sharply compete ( BEST ) †¢ Manage logically and consistently ( BEST )†¢ Maintain and nurture their competitory capablenesss ( RIGHT ) Other constructs: †¢ Functional divisions†¢ Management hierarchy†¢ Research and development†¢ Related variegation†¢ Separation of top vs. in-between direction†¢ Stock market force per unit areas†¢ Short-term thought GREINER Development 1: Creativity†¢ Merchandise†¢ Dedication†¢ Target marketRevolution 1: Leadership†¢ Motivational issues†¢ Leader to pull off employees†¢ Capital/accounting processes neededDevelopment 2: Direction†¢ Functional organisation: separate fabrication from marketing†¢ Accounting for stock list and buying†¢ Motivation by money Revolution 2: Autonomy†¢ Lower degree have restraints and can non take enterprise†¢ Top degree don’t want to give up their duties†¢ Moral and motive lesseningsDevelopment 3: Deputation†¢ Responsiveness ( depute undertakings )†¢ Net income centres and fillips†¢ Acquire outside endeavors Revolution 3: Control†¢ Top executives feel loss of control†¢ Everyone is making what he/she wants†¢ Lack of communicating Development 4: Coordination ( formal systems )†¢ Establish new formal processs†¢ Efficient allotment†¢ No loss of response Revolution 4: Red-tape ( lack assurance )†¢ Gaps in degrees†¢ Outgrow the established new processs because company is excessively big to be run by formal and stiff systems Development 5: Collaboration†¢ Focus of squad action†¢ Communication is frequentRevolution 5: ? crisis†¢ Psychological state of affairs ( rest. We will write a custom essay sample on Contemporary Business Thinking Course Notes Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page reflect. regenerate ) †¢ Habit construction ( day-to-day work )†¢ Brooding construction ( personal contemplation ) Guidelines for directors of turning organisations: Know where you are in the development sequence †¢ Leaderships should be able to work with the flow†¢ Leaderships should non avoid declarations. They provide force per unit area. thoughts and consciousness that initiate alterationAcknowledge the limited scope of solutions †¢ Different state of affairss ( stages ) require different solutions †¢ Solving crisis and traveling toward following stage requires self-awareness in top direction and inter-personal accomplishments to carry that alteration is needed Recognize that solutions breed new jobs †¢ Organization solutions create future jobs†¢ Being aware of this can assist directors measure jobs with historical understanding alternatively of faulting current development †¢ Can besides help foretell jobs in front of clip and enforce header schemes COLLINS AND PORRAS Five Criteria of a good BHAG: 1. Are set with understanding. non bravado2. Fit forthrightly in the three circles3. Have a longtime frame ( 10 to 30 old ages )4. Are clear. compelling and easy to hold on5. Directly reflect your nucleus values and nucleus intent Definitions: †¢ Core values: guiding rules to adhere to no affair what ; they neer change†¢ Core intent: the underlying ‘why’ you are seeking to mount the mountain†¢ BHAG: the specific mountain you are presently seeking to mount†¢ Scheme: the path you intend to take and the general methods you intend to utilize to make the top of that specific mountain†¢ Base cantonments: intermediate aims to the top of the mountain ; the ends on the manner up to accomplishing the BHAG†¢ Tacticss: specific methods for mounting the subdivisions of stone and ice that confront you right now ; programs for acquiring things done Porter Scheme is basically about doing picks. lodging with them and polishing them to acquire better at it.Operational Effectiveness if non Strategy †¢ It is a demand. non an advantage†¢ Consists of making what you choose to make in an effectual and efficient manner ( it works and it works good )Scheme Rests on Unique Activities †¢ The more common something is. the less it is valued or particular †¢ If you can specialise in one assortment of things. or run intoing the demands of one peculiar group of clients. or supplying particular entree. you may be able to make value Sustainable Position Requires Trade-offs †¢ Enable you to concentrate. be typical. crisp and clear ( repositing ) †¢ Straddling makes you vulnerable. cognizing where you stand gives you strengthFit Drives both Competitive Advantage and Sustainability †¢ Simple fit means activities fit together – no via medias or contradictions †¢ Reinforcing activities means one activity contributes to do another work better. excessively †¢ Optimization of attempt agencies sharpening the overall tantrum Rediscovering Scheme †¢ Failure to take†¢ Growth Trap†¢ Profitable Growth ( attempts to turn blur singularity. create via medias. cut down tantrum and undermine competitory advantage ) KAPLAN AND NORTON The balance scorecard is a construct for mensurating whether the activities of a company are run intoing its aims in footings of vision and scheme. By concentrating non merely on fiscal results but besides on the human issues. the balanced scorecard helps to supply a more comprehensive position of a concern which in bend helps organisations to move in their best long-run involvements. â€Å"Bottom line† is non adequate Customer position †¢ What matters most to clients?†¢ Corporate missions normally focus on clients†¢ Company public presentation from client position is a precedence of top direction †¢ Balance scorecard demands that directors translate mission on client service into specific steps that reflect what clients want Internal concern position †¢ How can we bring forth to run into client outlooks? †¢ Excellent client public presentation derives from procedures. determinations and actions happening withinInvention and larning position †¢ How can we do continual betterments?†¢ This position identifies the parametric quantities that the company considers most of import for competitory success †¢ Targets for success support altering due to intense planetary competition. so continual betterments are needed †¢ A company’s ability to introduce. better and larn ties straight to the company’s value Fiscal position †¢ How can we guarantee profitableness for stockholders? †¢ This position indicates whether the company’s scheme. execution and executing are lending to bottom-line betterment. †¢ Typical fiscal ends have to make with profitableness. growing and stockholder value FRENCH AND RAVEN Wages †¢ Expectation of award ; the sensed ability to give positive effects or take negative 1sCoercive †¢ Power to penalize ; the sensed ability to penalize those who do non conform to your thoughts or demandsLegalize †¢ Based on values ; organisational ability ; the perceptual experience that person has the right to order behaviour due to election or assignment to a place of duty Referent †¢ Desire to tie in ; through association with others who possess powerExpert †¢ Perception of greater cognition ; based on holding typical cognition. expertise. ability or accomplishments*Managers who merely focus on one signifier of power will non win HERTZBERG KITA †¢ Kick in the buttocks †¢ Old manner direction system with penalty and wages†¢ Three types:– Negative physical– Negative psychological– Positive Negative Physical KITA †¢ Literal application †¢ Drawbacks:– Inelegant– Contradicts the cherished image of benevolence that most organisations cherish – Since it is a physical onslaught. it straight stimulates the autonomic nervous system and consequences in negative feedback from the employee Negative Psychological KITA †¢ Advantages over negative physical:– Invisible inhuman treatment– Affects the higher cortical centres of the encephalon with its repressive power. so it reduces the possibility of physical recoil – The individual administrating the boot can be above it all and allow the system carry through the soiled work – Those who pattern it receive some ego satisfaction whereas they would happen blood abhorrent – If employee complains. there is no cogent evidence †¢ â€Å"I am motivated so you move†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ does non make motivePositive KITA †¢ Seduction Myths about Motivation 1. Reducing clip spent at work2. Gyrating rewards3. Fringe benefits4. Human dealingss preparation5. Sensitivity preparation6. Communicationss7. Two-way communicating8. Job engagement9. Employee reding Hygiene vs. Incentives Hygiene factors are needed to guarantee that an employee does non go disgruntled. They do non take to higher degrees of satisfaction. but without them there is dissatisfaction. †¢ Working conditions†¢ Quality of supervising†¢ Salary†¢ Status†¢ Security†¢ Company†¢ Job†¢ Company policies and disposal†¢ Interpersonal dealingss Motivation factors are needed in order to actuate employees into higher public presentation. These factors result from internal generators in employees. †¢ Accomplishment†¢ Recognition of accomplishments†¢ Responsibility of undertakings†¢ Interest in the occupation†¢ Advancement to higher degree undertakings†¢ Growth Uniting the hygiene and motive factors consequences in: High hygiene+High motivation=Ideal( employees are extremely motivated and there are few ailments ) High hygiene+Low motivation=Paycheck ( employees’ motive is low and based on money. but there are few ailments ) Low hygiene+High motivation=Poor work conditions but occupation is disputing and exciting Low hygiene+Low motivation=Worst ( unmotivated and tonss of ailments ) Work can and should be arranged in the undermentioned ways:†¢ Job expansion†¢ Job rotary motion and/or†¢ Job enrichment Mintzberg Myths: Directors are brooding. systematic contrivers. Fact:Directors work at an grim gait. their activities are characterized by brevity. assortment and discontinuity and they are strongly oriented to actions and dislike brooding activities. Myth: Effective manages have no regular responsibilities to execute. Fact: Managerial work involves executing a figure of regular responsibilities. including ritual and ceremonial. dialogues and emanations of soft information that links the organisation with its environment. Myth: Senior directors need aggregated information. which a formal direction information system best provides. Fact: Directors strongly favor verbal media. telephone calls and meetings. over paperss. Myth: Management is. or at least is rapidly going. a scientific discipline and a profession. Fact: The managers’ plans ( to schedule clip. procedure information. do determinations and so on ) remain locked deep inside their encephalons. So. the existent undertakings: †¢ Managers sit between the organisation and a web of contacts †¢ Managers demonstrate a strong penchant for verbal media ( telephone and meetings. as opposed to get off and Tourss ) †¢ Managers appear to be able to command their ain personal businesss †¢ Managers trade with people. non things Managerial functions: †¢ Interpersonal ( chiefly )– Figurehead. leader. affair †¢ Informational ( every bit good as )– Spokesperson. proctor. propagator †¢ Decisional ( eventually )– Resource distributor. enterpriser. perturbation animal trainer. negotiant LEVITT Nothing lasts everlastingly Fateful intents †¢ Failure is at the top. The executives responsible for it are those who deal with wide purposes and policies.Mistake of analysis †¢ Error of specifying an industry or a merchandise or a bunch of know-how so narrowly as to vouch its premature aging. Restricting oneself is non good.The history of every dead and deceasing growing industry shows a self-deceiving rhythm of big enlargement and undetected decay. There are 4 conditions which normally guarantee this rhythm†¢ The belief that growing is assured by an spread outing and more flush population †¢ The belief that there is no competitory replacement for the industry’s major merchandise †¢ Too much religion in mass production and in the advantaged of quickly worsening unit costs as end product rises †¢ Preoccupation with a merchandise that lends itself to carefully controlled scientific experimentation. betterment and fabrication cost decrease †¢ P Population growing†¢ U Uniqueness†¢ M Mass production ( production force per unit areas )†¢ P Perfecting ( dangers of research and development ) Ex-husbands: Dry cleansing. electric public-service corporations. food market shops â€Å"Inside out† selling Selling = internally-orientedMarketing = needs-based HANDY Sigmoid Curve Before the curve starts tapering. as shortly at growing slows down. a good direction starts inquiring inquiries. This necessarily creates statements in the company because it is hard to carry people to alter when nil is incorrect what how things are. Once the curve tapers. a company must seek and maintain afloat for every bit long as possible ( until something comes along ) by reconstructing what they had.When you do non desire to alter †¢ You make money on the worsening merchandise because you merely rake in without puting any extra moneyWhen you commit excessively late †¢ The 1s merely get downing to believe in possible. They lose money along the manner due to investings. Planing to merely stand the class will non ever work because person will come along and be better. Unless a company is a perfect theoretical account of what Porter says and no 1 can calculate out how they do whatever they do. Company Y will take it while Company X is traveling downhill.The spread after that will be excessively large for Company X to of all time catch up. Company X is now # 2. Chandler’s point about first-mover and Porter’s point about imitation.

12 Angry Men Boy Is Innocent Essay Example For Students

12 Angry Men: Boy Is Innocent Essay 12 Angry Men: Boy Is Innocent Essay Gentlemen of the jury, I would like to point out to you three pieces of evidence that prove this young boy is innocent. I would like to revewthe purchase of the knife, the old man hearing a yell, and the movie theater. The future of this young boy is in your hands now, make the right decision. Find him innocent. First off, the knife that was purchased the night of the murder. After fighting with his dad, he wanted to get away from his house. He lives in the slum, a very dangerous place. Feeling he needed defense, he went to the shop and bought this knife. He is very knowledgeable of knives, and here is something to think about. The wound that was found on his dad cut at a strange angle. If this boy had stabbed him, it would have been a an underhand cut. Not like the overhand wound found on his dad. What about the old man claiming to hear the boy yell? How could this be possible? The old man does not have that good of hearing. Also, at that same time, the train was going by his house. This train is very loud. How could an old man with poor hearing hear this? . This old man is not a believable witness to the murder of this man. You cant believe what he said. The train was just too loud for him to possibly hear the yells of the boy. After leaving his house, the boy went to see a movie to get away from all of this. He was under total stress. I am sure he did not care to look at the title of the movie. He probably just wanted in to get away. This way his mind was focused on other things other than his father. He thought that if he got away. he would come back in a better mood to be with his father. I have presented you with the three best points of evidence to prove the innocence of this young boy. Think of this, how could a young boy do this to his father? Even though he was a victim of abuse, l love is still inside him. That is why this boy is innocent. Now remember, Jury, this is a life and death situation that sits in front of you. Make the right decision, or the young life of an innocent child will be ruined forever. The defense rests. English .

Tips to Write a UW Writing Sample Or Essay

Tips to Write a UW Writing Sample Or EssayThe UW Writing Sample or Essay is an example of an essay written in English. Essays used by universities and colleges should be relatively clear in content. A poorly written essay may be rejected by a university and your GPA will suffer because of this. The UWC has also been used by students and educators as a teaching aid for many years.For the academic writing essay, one can write it using his own voice. A lot of effort will be required to write the essay in the proper manner, and one has to write in a logical manner. You should avoid using past tense tenses in the essay because that would create the feeling that you are talking about the event and not writing it. When writing the UW Writing Sample or Essay, keep it short and to the point and have an outline that you can refer to at any time when you come across a difficulty.The first step for writing a UW Writing Sample or Essay is to list down the topic of the essay. Make sure that it doe s not have any grammatical mistakes, or it would be embarrassing to students if they get caught on the topic. It is important to understand how to format the essay before writing it. You can either do it yourself or seek help from a professional who can edit it for you. The formatting is something that needs to be thought of while doing research and when learning how to format the essay.To prepare for writing a UW Writing Sample or Essay, read a lot of essays and journals. If possible, find a course or seminar that would help you write a good essay. As you go through reading essays, you will find out that there are a lot of common themes that are also used in many essays. You can also pick up these themes and structure your UW Writing Sample or Essay around them.A writing sample can vary in length depending on the topic and audience. The appropriate length of the UW Writing Sample or Essay will depend on the length of the essay. Your goal is to make the essay as short as possible so that you can submit it easily and quickly for grading.Remember that the essay is not meant to be long. It is just intended to give an idea about your reasoning and understanding of the subject matter. Think of this as your thesis statement or opening paragraph.After doing your research, write a rough draft of the UW Writing Sample or Essay. Once you get it ready, put in your public reading as many times as you can. This will give you feedback about how well you are doing with your essay.Finally, send the UW Writing Sample or Essay for grading to the college or university. In this way, you can achieve high marks in your writing assignments.

distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact Essay Example

distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact Essay Hume makes a distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact. Relation of ideas is a priori, meaning that it can be justified by reason. It does not depend on something else that exists in the universe. Denying, or trying to falsify the propositions is a contradiction or inconceivable. People gain this knowledge intuitively, or through demonstrative reasoning. Matters of fact are posteriori in that they are only justified through experience. They are possible, but they may not be necessary, and it is consequently necessary to deny them without contradiction. Denying such propositions is conceivable. People know and understand this knowledge through cause and effect, and this is based on their experiences; accordingly, it is not possible to demonstrate it. This makes it possible to infer an unobserved fact from an observed one. Since there is no contradiction made in denying matters of fact, then one cannot justify a causal inference. People are able to tell what will happen in the future because of what they have observed in the past. Reasoning by induction is based and justified on a universal principle, which explains with certainty that the future will resemble the past. It is not possible to determine a universal principle, through reason since denying such a reason would be possible and conceivable. Hume, further points out that reasoning by induction is not valid because of the impossibility of proving a universal principle. People’s acceptance of a universal principle is not rational since they have no reason for doing something in their own way, and not in another way. It is possible to get the intended results, but the results can also fail. People’s acceptance of a universal principle is based on customs rather than reason. There are two parts of the dilemma. If determinism is true, then there is no free will. If there is indeterminism, then there is no control of will, and consequently, no control of action. Determinism is the idea that all events are caused, and, as a result, there is no free will since all actions are pre determined. Determinists believe that having free will means acknowledging the idea of a supernatural. The existence of a supernatural enables them to make conscious decisions, and this separates them from the other natural world. This limits people in the decisions they make. A person who is worried and conscious about the alternative he chooses does not have free will when making that decision. Compatibilism posits that it is possible to have determinism and free will. Incompatibilism rejects the idea of free will in determinism. Compatibilism rejects the idea of someone or an agent determining a person’s actions because if this were the case, then there would be no free wi ll. Some compatibilists believe that a free willed action is one that a person does out of his own decision, without any force or compulsion from someone. The definition of free will or freedom is the main determinant in understanding compatibilism in such a case. Such compatibilists believe that freedom is lack of constraints by forces, which are beyond someone’s control. In such a case then, the person has both free will and determinism. We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on distinction between relation of ideas and matter of fact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Libertarians are incompatibilists, in that they do not believe that free will and determinism are compatible. They recognize that there may be some constraints limiting people’s actions, but these constraints do not determine people’s actions. People are rational and they are capable of choosing one choice from the possible alternatives freely. Compatibilism recognizes the presence of determinism, which in essence hinders free will. Libertarianism advocates the idea of people being free. Actions are free if they originate from the agent, and if there are alternatives. This gives the agent the freedom of the mind, in terms of the actions thought of and the freedom to choose from the alternatives. Agent-causation means that the agent has free will in determining the cause of the action. This differs from event causation, whereby the agent does not have any free will. A chain of caused events begins with the agents, and the agents do not act in response to the event, which would signify them having limited options.

The role of the nurse in health promotion The WritePass Journal

The role of the nurse in health promotion Introduction The role of the nurse in health promotion IntroductionReference ListRelated Introduction This assignment proposes to discuss the role of the nurse in health promotion.   To facilitate the discussion in the delivery of primary, secondary and tertiary levels of health promotion, the health risk of tobacco smoking in relation to Lung Cancer has been chosen.   National policies will be explored in relation to smoking and how these influence the delivery of health promotion by the nurse.   The barriers to health promotion will be identified along with ways in which these may be overcome. The intention of the World Health Organisation (WHO) to achieve â€Å"Health for All† by the year 2000 was published in their Ottawa Charter, the outcome of which was to build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen communities, develop personal skills and reorient health services.   They identified key factors which can hinder or be conducive to health; political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural, and biological (WHO 1986). The current health agenda for the UK aims to improve the health of the population and reduce inequalities with particular emphasis on prevention and targeting the number of people who smoke (DH 2010). Inequalities in health have been extensively researched and although attempts have been made to overcome these, there is evidence to support that the divide between the rich and the poor still exists in society.   Marmot (2010) highlighted the lower social classes had the poorest health and identified social factors such as low income and deprivation as the root causes which affect health and well being.  Ã‚   Increased smoking levels were found to be more prevalent in this cohort.   Bilton et al (2002) suggests the environment an individual lives in can have an adverse effect on health in that it can influence patterns of behaviour.   For example, families living in poor housing conditions, in poverty or in an environment away from a social support network can suffer psychological stress; which in turn can prompt coping behaviours such as tobacco smoking (Blackburn 1991, Denny Earle 2005). Smoking is a modifiable risk factor to chronic disease such as Cancer of the Lung, with 90% of these cases being the result of smoking (Cancer Research UK 2009) it  Ã‚   is the single biggest preventable cause of premature death and illness and is more detrimental to the poorer in society.   Responsible for 80,000 lives per year, the huge financial burden on the NHS to treat illness associated with smoking is estimated at  £2.7 billion each year (DH 2010).   This illustrates the huge opportunity for public health to address the wider issues associated with inequalities and to target people who smoke.   Various White papers have demonstrated the Government’s commitment in reducing smoking figures and preventing uptake, both at individual and population levels, through health promotion activity, empowering individuals and enabling them to make healthier lifestyle choices (DH 2004, DH 2006, DH 2010). Health promotion is a complex activity and is difficult to define.   Davies and Macdowall (2006) describe health promotion as â€Å"any strategy or intervention that is designed to improve the health of individuals and its population†.  Ã‚   However perhaps one of the most recognised definitions is that of the World Health Organisation’s who describes health promotion as â€Å"a process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (WHO 1986). If we look at this in relation to the nurse’s role in smoking cessation and giving advice to a patient, this can be seen as a positive concept in that with the availability of information together with support, the patient is then able to make an informed decision, thus creating empowerment and an element of self control.   Bright (1997) supports this notion suggesting that empowerment is created when accurate information and knowledgeable advice is given, thus aiding the development of personal skills and self esteem. A vital component of health promotion is health education which aims to change behaviour by providing people with the knowledge and skills they require to make healthier decisions and enable them to fulfil their potential.  Ã‚   Healthy Lives Healthy People (2010) highlight the vital role nurses play in the delivery of health promotion with particular attention on prevention at primary and secondary levels.  Ã‚   Nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices.   This encourages people to take charge of their own health and to increase feelings of personal autonomy (Christensen 2006).  Ã‚   Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, therefore nurses are in a prime position to help people to quit by offering encouragement, provide information and refer to smoking cessation services. There are various approaches to health promotion, each approach has a different aim but all share the same desired goal, to promote good health and prevent or avoid ill health (Peate 2006).   The medical approach contains three levels of prevention as highlighted by Naidoo and Wills (2000), primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary health promotion aims to reduce the exposure to the causes and risk factors of illness in order to prevent the onset of disease (Tones Green 2004).   In this respect it is the abstinence of smoking and preventing the uptake through health education and preventative measures.   One such model of prevention is that of Tannahill’s (1990) which consists of three overlapping circles; health education for example a nurse may be involved in the distribution of leaflets educating individuals or a wider community regarding health risks of smoking, prevention, aimed at reducing the exposure to children, for example, in 2007 the legal age for tobacco sales increased from age 16 to 18 years in an attempt to reduce the availability to young people and prevent them from starting to smoke (DH 2008),   health protection such as lobbying for a ban on smoking in public places. If we look at this in relation to the role of the school nurse, this is a positive step when implementing school policies such as no smoking on school premises for staff and visitors, as this legislation supports the nurse’s role when providing information regarding the legal aspects of smoking.  Ã‚   Research demonstrates that interventions are most effective when combined with strategies such as mass media and government legislation (Edwards 2010).  Ã‚   Having an awareness of such campaigns and legislation is essential to aid best practice and the nurse must ensure that knowledge and skills are regularly updated, a standard set by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008). Croghan Voogd (2009) identify the school nurse’s role as essential in the health and well-being of children in preventing smoking.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people begin to smoke as children, the earlier smoking is initiated, the harder the habit is to break (ASH) and this unhealthy behaviour can advance into adulthood.  Ã‚   Current statistics illustrate that in 2009 6% of children aged 11-15 years were regular smokers (Office for National Statistics 2009).   These figures demonstrate the importance of prevention and intervention at an early stage as identified by the National Service Framework (NSF) for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (DH 2004).   Smith (2009) highlights the school nurse as being in an advantageous position to address issues such as smoking and suggests that by empowering children by providing support and advice, this will enable them to adopt healthy lifestyles. NICE (2010) suggest school based interventions to prevent children smoking aimed at improving self esteem and resisting peer pressure, with information on the legal, economic and social aspects of smoking and the harmful effects to health.  Ã‚   Walker et al (2006) argue self esteem is determined by childhood experiences and people with a low self esteem are more likely to conform to behaviours of other people.  Ã‚   This can be a potential barrier in the successful delivery of health promotion at this level, with young children exposed to pressure to conform; they are more likely to take up unhealthy behaviours such as smoking (Parrott 2004).  Ã‚   The nurse can overcome this by working in partnership with teachers and other staff members to promote self-esteem by ensuring an environment conducive to learning, free from disruptive behaviour which promotes autonomy, motivation, problem solving skills and encourages self-worth (NICE 2009). Despite the well known health risks to tobacco smoking, unfortunately 1 in 5 individuals continue to smoke (DH 2010).   Whitehead (2001) cited in Davies (2006) argues the nurse must recognise and understand health related behaviour in order to promote health.   Therefore, when delivering health promotion the nurse needs to be aware of all the factors which can affect health, some of which can be beyond individual control.   Smoking cessation is one of the most important steps a person can make to improve their health and increase life expectancy, as smokers live on average 8 years less than non smokers (Roddy Ross 2007). Secondary prevention intends to shorten episodes of illness and prevent the progression of ill health through early diagnosis and treatment (Naidoo Wills 2000).   This can be directed towards the role of the practice nurse in a Primary Care setting, where patients attend for treatment and advice that have symptoms of illness or disease as a result of smoking, such as Bronchitis.   Nice guidelines (2006) recommend that all individuals who come into contact with health professionals should be advised to cease smoking, unless there are exceptional circumstances where this would not be appropriate, and for those who do not wish to stop, smoking status should be recorded and reviewed once a year.   It is therefore essential the nurse maintains accurate and up to date record keeping. Smoking cessation advice can be tailored to the specific individual and therefore it is important that the nurse has the knowledge and counselling skills for this to be effective.   The process of any nursing intervention is ultimately assessment, planning, implementing and evaluating (Yura Walsh 1978), this applies to all nurses in any given situation including health promotion.   One such method of smoking cessation which can be used as an assessment tool is known as the 5 ‘A’s approach, ‘ask, assess, advise, assist, arrange’ (Britton 2004).   â€Å"Ask† about tobacco use, for example how many cigarettes are smoked each day, and â€Å"assess† willingness and motivation to quit, taking a detailed history to assess addiction.  Ã‚   Objective data can be obtained using a Smokerlyser which measures Carbon Monoxide levels in expired air (Wells Lusignan 2003).   These simple devices can be used as a motivational tool to encourage cessat ion and abstinence.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Castledine (2007) suggests the principle of a good health promoter is to motivate people to enable them to make healthier choices; this is made possible by the ability to engage with individuals at all levels.   Individuals who are not motivated are unlikely to succeed (Naidoo Wills 2000).  Ã‚   â€Å"Advise† patients to stop smoking and reinforce the health benefits to quitting, â€Å"assist† the patient to stop, setting a quit date and discussing ways in which nicotine withdrawal can be overcome.   Being unable to cope with the physical symptoms of withdrawal can cause relapse and be a barrier to success, therefore it is essential the nurse possesses a good knowledge base of the products available to assist in reducing these symptoms if she is to persuade people to comply with treatment, such as the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).  Ã‚  Ã‚   NRT is useful in assisting people to stop smoking and has proved, in some in stances to double the success rate (Upton Thirlaway 2010).   NRT products are continually changed and updated; therefore the nurse must ensure she has the knowledge and skills to identify which products are available, the suitability, how it works and any potential side effects.   Identifying triggers and developing coping strategies is useful for maintenance of a new behaviour, measures such as substituting cigarettes for chewing gum and changing habits and routines are just some of the ways in which self control can be achieved (Ewles Simnett 1999).   Finally â€Å"arrange† a follow up, providing continual support and engagement. For patients who do not wish to stop smoking, advice should be given with encouragement to seek early medical treatment on detection of any signs and symptoms of disease.   Good communication skills are essential to the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and a patient and these must be used effectively by providing clear, accurate and up to date information.   The nurse should be an active listener and encourage the patient to talk, using open-ended questions helps demonstrate a willingness to listen, listening and showing concern for a patient’s condition demonstrates respect (Peate 2006).   The use of medical jargon and unfamiliar words can be a barrier to communication and should be avoided as these can affect a patients understanding.   Leaflets can reinforce information provided by the nurse and increase patient knowledge, however the nurse must ensure these are in a format and language the patient can understand.   Lack of literacy skills can prevent a patient reading and understanding the content of a leaflet, the nurse can assist with this by reading and explaining to them. To assist in the assessment process the nurse may utilise a model of behaviour such as Prochaska DiClemente’s stages of change model (1984).   This works on the assumption that individuals go through a number of stages in order to change behaviour, from pre -contemplation where a person has not considered a behaviour change, to maintenance, when a healthier lifestyle has been adopted by the new behaviour.  Ã‚   The stage a person is at will determine the intervention given by the nurse; therefore it is essential that an effective assessment takes place.   Walsh (2002) highlights patient motivation as central to success using this model, in that a patient will have more motivation; the more involved they are in planning the change. Despite the health promoting activities mentioned and the increasing public awareness of the health risks to smoking, there are people who continue to smoke and some further develop illness as a consequence.   Lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates, and as little as 7% of men and 9% of women in England and Wales will live five years after diagnosis (Cancer Research UK 2011).   Acknowledging this, the governments â€Å"Cancer Plan† aimed to tackle and reform cancer care in England by raising awareness of the signs and symptoms of cancer by investing in staff and extending the nurses role (DH 2000).   This involves further training and education for nurses to develop their skills and knowledge to enable them to provide the treatment and/or advice required.   This was succeeded by â€Å"Improving outcomes: a strategy for cancer† the aim being to enable patients living with cancer a â€Å"healthy life as possible†.  Ã‚   The government pledged  £10.75 million into advertising a â€Å"signs and symptoms† campaign to raise awareness of the three cancers accounting for the most deaths, breast, bowel and lung, to encourage the public to seek early help on detection of any symptoms (DH 2011).   Currently no results are available on the effectiveness of this intervention due to its recent publication, however, one national policy that has had a positive effect on the health of individuals and the population is that of the â€Å"smoke-free England† policy implemented in 2007 prohibiting smoking in workplaces and enclosed public places.   Primarily this policy was enforced to protect the public from second hand smoke; however, on introduction of the law smoking cessation services saw an increase in demand by 20%, as smokers felt the environment was conducive to them being able to quit (DH 2008).   This policy also extended to hospital grounds, and the nurse must ensure a patient who smokes is aware of this on a dmission and use every opportunity possible to promote health. Tertiary prevention aims to halt the progression, or reduce the complications, of established disease by effective treatment or rehabilitation (Tones Green 2004).   A diagnosis of cancer can cause great distress and a patient may go through a whole host of emotions.   Naidoo and Wills (2000) suggest the aim of tertiary prevention is to reduce suffering and concerns helping people to cope with their illness.  Ã‚   The community nurses role has been identified as pivotal in providing support for patients and families living with cancer (DH 2000).   The World Health Organisation describe Palliative care as treatment to relieve, rather than cure, the symptoms caused by cancer,   and suggest palliative care can provide relief from physical, psychosocial and spiritual problems in over 90% of cancer patients (WHO 2011). Assessment and the provision of health education and information at this stage remains the same as that in secondary prevention, and it is not uncommon for the two to overlap.   Providing advice and education on symptom control may alleviate some of the symptoms the patient experiences,   for example breathlessness is a symptom of lung cancer (Lakasing Tester 2006), and relaxation techniques may reduce this (Cancer Research UK 2011), therefore the nurse may be involved in teaching these techniques to the patient and family members.   Continual smoking despite a lung cancer diagnosis can exacerbate shortness of breath and reduce survival rate (Roddy Ross 2007), therefore the nurse can use this opportunity to reinforce the risks of smoking.   However, the nurse must use her judgement effectively and be sensitive to the patient’s condition, as the willingness to learn and respond to teaching can be affected by emotional state (Walsh 2002).   Establishing effective pai n control is essential in the care of a cancer patient and this may involve discussion with the patients GP if medication needs adjusting.   A referral to specialist help lines such as those provided by Macmillan cancer support may be useful in assisting a patient and/or family to cope with cancer, these services can be accessed in person or by telephone.   These are just two examples of collaborative working and demonstrate the importance of inter-professional working. In conclusion, with the emphasis of health promotion concerning prevention of illness and disease, the role of the nurse is essential in raising awareness and providing education and advice to individuals to facilitate behaviour change. The complexities of health promotion indicate the extensive competences a nurse must possess to empower and motivate individuals.   However, governments also have a responsibility to promote and protect health and are pivotal in introducing national policy to build â€Å"healthy publics† and environments conducive to health. Reference List Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) no date (online) available at: ash.org.uk/pathfinder/young-people-and-tobacco.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 09.00am Bilton, T. Blackburn, C. (1991) Poverty and health: working with families. Bucks, Open University Press Bright, J. (1997) Health promotion in clinical practice: Targeting the health of the nation.   London, Bailliere Tindall Britton, J. (2004)   ABC of smoking cessation. Oxford, Blackwell publishing Cancer Research UK (2009) (online) available at: info.cancerresearchuk.org/healthyliving/smokingandtobacco/howdoweknow.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 10.20am Cancer Research UK (2011) (online) available at: cancerhelp.org.uk/type/lung-cancer/living/coping-with-breathlessness.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 10.30am Castledine, G. (2007) Don’t use the term ‘health promotion’ to promote health.   British Journal of Nursing. . Vol 16, issue 6, pp 375 Christensen, M. Hewitt-Taylor, J. (2006) Empowerment in nursing: Paternalism or maternalism. British Journal of Nursing, Vol 15, issue 13, pp 695-699 Croghan, E. Voogd, C. (2009) Time to employ more school nurses. British Journal of School Nurses, Vol 4, no 9, pp 421 Davies, M. Macdowall, W. (2006) Health Promotion Theory, Understanding Public Health.   London, Open University Press Denny, E. Earle, S. 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(2010) Smoking part 2: Preventing uptake among young people.   British Journal of School Nursing, vol 5 no 8, pp 384-387 Ewles, L. Simnett, I. (1999) Promoting Health A practical Guide. 4th edition, London, Bailliere Tindall Lakasing, E. Tester, M. (2006) How to manage Lung Cancer in primary Care.   Practice Nursing 2006, vol 17, no 1, pp 35-39 Marmot, M. (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives. (online) available at: marmotreview.org/assetlibrary/pdfs/reports/fairsociety/healthylives.pdf.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 11.00am Naidoo, J. Wills, J. (2000) Health Promotion: Foundations for Nursing practice, London, Bailliere Tindall National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2006) Brief interventions and referral for smoking cessation in primary care and other settings. (online) available at: nice.org/nicemedia/live/11375/31864/31864-pdf.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 09.20am National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2009) Social and emotional wellbeing in secondary education: guidance 20. (online) available at: nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11991/45484/45484/pdf.   Date accessed 3.3.11, 09.00am National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2010) School-based interventions to prevent the uptake of smoking among children and young people, guidance 23.    (online)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at: nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12827/47582.pdf.   Date accessed 14.2.11, 11.30am Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The code:standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives, (online) available at: nmc-uk.org/nurses-and-midwives/the-code/the-code-in-full.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 10.30am Office For National Statistics (ONS) (2009) Statistics on Smoking: England 2010. (online) available   Ã‚   at: ic.nhsuk/webfiles/publications/health%20and%20lifestyles/statistics-on-smoking-2010.pdf.   Date accessed 9.2.11, 13.20 Parrott, A. (2004) Understanding drugs and behaviour. Chichester, Wiley (online). Available at: netlibrary.com/Reader/.   Date accessed 25.5.11, 10.20am Peate, I. (2006) Becoming a nurse in the 21st Century, London, Wiley Publishing Prochaska, J O. DiClemente, C C (1984) The transtheoretical approach: crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood Roddy, E. Ross D. (2007) British Thoracic Society core competencies – Health professionals and tobacco. (online) available at: brit-thoracic.org.uk/clinical-information/smoking-smoking-cessation/smoking-education.aspx.   Date accessed 22.5.11, 20.30 Smith, F. (2009) School nursing in the UK: where are we now. British journal of School Nursing, vol 4, no 7, pp 351-352 Tannahill Tones, K. Green, J. (2004) Health Promotion planning and strategies.   London, Sage Upton, D. Thirlaway, K. (2010) Promoting Healthy Behaviour.   A practical guide for nursing and healthcare professionals. Essex, Pearson Education Ltd Walker, J. Payne, S. Smith, P. Jarrett, N. (2005) Psychology for nurses and the caring professions, 2nd edition, London, Open University Press Walsh, M. (2002) Watson’s Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences, 6th edition.   London, Bailliere Tindall Wells, S. De Lusignan, S. (2003) Does screening for loss of lung function help smokers give up?   British Journal of Nursing, vol 12, no 12, pp 744-750 Whitehead, D. As cited in Davies, K. (2006).   What is effective intervention? – using theories of health promotion.   British Journal of nursing, vol15, no 5, pp 252-256 World Health Organisation (WHO) (1986) Ottawa Charter. (online) available at: who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa-charter-hp.pdf.   Date accessed 11.12.10, 15.20 World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011) Cancer fact sheet No 297 (online) available at: who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/.   Date accessed 9.5.11, 10.30 Yura, D. Walsh, MB. (1978) Human needs and the nursing process. New York,   Appleton Century Crofts

Write an Executive Summary that is well written and has a clear idea Research Paper

Write an Executive Summary that is well written and has a clear idea of 's organization and structure - Research Paper Example AJLM Manufacturing Inc. has announced its plans to improve its welding capabilities and improve the processes in the facilities within the company. AJLM Manufacturing Inc. is the small provider of metal welding and fabrication in the region, the company is now making it public its strategy to expand and improve welding services it is providing to its customers in different industries (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). The company’s vision is to be the company that provides precise welding capabilities to its customers in the best way they can. The company has a very good background with regard to welding services and in light of its move to expand and digitize it operations AJLM Manufacturing Inc. is confident that it has the ability to provide the best quality service required for application in diverse industries ranging from commercial to automotive industries. The company is planning to upgrade its welding equipment (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). The expansion will also include upgrading current spray arc, stainless steel and aluminum welding as well as silver soldering systems. With digitization and expansion the company will be in a better position than before to provide the essential welding service. There are different welding systems used by the company and with the company have continued to offer its customers quality source of welding services in the region and now moving across to other county. With this the company is alive to the fact that it is very important not only to be equipped with a lot of welding capabilities but also to upgrade them as well (AJL Manufacturing, Inc., 2015). When it comes to welding the company adopts different technique and uses different tools they have acquired and the ones they have kept and maintained over time. The current project at hand is to digitize and expand, and the companies technicians will be trained to acquaint

Math Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Math - Speech or Presentation Example recommended’ puts the public under the impression that the moisturizing lotion must have undergone extensive tests and use by a collective group of skin specialists when no actual number of professionals is stated. On the assumption that people are generally aware that dermatologists constitute a credible skincare authority, the ad necessitates no more of essential statistical details to support the claim. ‘Dermatologist’ is taken to mean a group, especially an adequate number of skincare experts though the ad does not specify whether it is singular or plural so that a critical consumer may ask ‘what if only one dermatologist had the opportunity to test the lotion?’ or if there were several others, ‘why are such facts excluded where at least mentioning a ratio x number out of y number will do?’. So then it appears as if the insufficient information is intended for a strategic marketing to catch the public’s interest toward buying t he product immediately. Explanation: Apparently, the use of double negatives in this case makes the question itself biased in a way that it directs the public to understand that tutoring services are not only meant for students who fail in class. This could result to a range of interpretations where some may readily be swayed to consider that it is important for being an ‘extra’ rather than a ‘mandatory’ task so that because of this loose sense of obligation, people take chances of closing agreement to that option. On another occasion, the query may not be a good measure of obtaining reliable survey outcomes since its statement is more imperative than interrogative, as in demanding to be understood in the light of its implied position. Furthermore, instead of taking one’s original stand on the matter, the person might be misled to an ambiguous thought about ‘extra tutoring’ where it is possible to think that students who pass may need tutoring for an additional activity or it is also possible to assume