The Importance of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United...

The importance of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is such that some have called it the amendment that â€Å"completed the Constitution.† When it was ratified on July 9th, 1868, the amendment became one of legislative cornerstones of the Reconstruction Era, a time in which the Radical Republicans, led by John A. Bingham and Thaddeus Stevens, promulgated a legislative program focused on providing racial equality before the law. Among the laws passed in the Reconstruction Era, the Fourteenth Amendment was one of the most controversial, with one Republican congressman, Representative A.J. Rogers of New Jersey saying that it was, â€Å"†¦but another attempt to†¦consolidate in the Federal Government, by the action of Congress,†¦show more content†¦The conquering North was hoping to, as was said by Abraham Lincoln in his Second Inaugural Address, â€Å"bind up the nation’s wounds,† and obtain, â€Å"a lasting peace, amo ng ourselves, and with all nations.† However, the South, while it had been forced to discontinue slavery, was not prepared to accept Blacks as equal citizens, either politically or socially. In late 1865, Southern states began creating the set of laws that became known as the â€Å"Black Codes,† severely restricting the rights of the newly freed African-Americans living in the South. The degree to which the Black Codes limited freedom of African-Americans would eventually become one of the major motivations for the passage of first the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and finally, in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment. By March of 1866, eight states of the former Confederacy had adopted various laws limiting the freedoms of African-Americans. In the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), some of the first Supreme Court cases to deal with the Fourteenth Amendment, the opinion of Justice Samuel F. Miller provided a listing of the rights that had been abridged under the Black Codes: †Å"[African-Americans] were in some states forbidden to appear in the towns in any other character than menial servants. They were required to reside on and cultivate the soil without the right to purchase or own it. They were excluded from many occupations†¦andShow MoreRelated 14th Amendment -EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesthe founding fathers of this nation created a Constitution which included laws that dealt with individual freedoms. However great the founding fathers envisioned the United States Constitution, it did not form a perfect union and justice for all. America would have to amend, or add to, the Constitution in order to serve its constituents better. The most powerful constitutional act towards equality would come with the fourteenth amendment. This amendment permanently changed constitutional law by empoweringRead MoreThe Importance of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifthteenth Amendendments1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe Thirteent h, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments of The United States Constitution were important for implementing a total reconstruction of America and the blessings of of liberty to everyone that lived within the borders or our country. These ideas of equality would be reached out to the entire population including but not limited to slaves and their descendants and all American Citizens. These Amendments were especially important to African Americans and minorities who were the main victimsRead MoreThe State Of Washington And The United States1068 Words   |  5 PagesFacts: The State of Washington is the Petitioner in this case along with the Attorney General. The Respondents are Washington medical physicians. The physicians in this case periodically treated patients that were terminally ill. The physicians claimed that they would provide assistance for the patients in ending their lives if it were not for Washington State’s ban on assisted suicides, Wash. Rev. Code  § 9A.26.060(1). The Respondents believed that Washington’s ban was unconstitutional. InRead MoreThe Court Case Of Powell Vs. Alabama During The 1930s806 Words   |  4 PagesSupreme Court Case The United States’ attention was captivated on the Supreme Court Case of Powell vs Alabama during the 1930s. During the time period, this case revealed the brutal treatment towards African Americans more than any other event. The case began on March 25, 1931, when a group of young white and African American youths were traveling on a train to find a job. A physical encounter broke out between them and the white youths were thrown out of the train. Then they reported the incidentRead MoreCivil Rights And The Bill Of Rights Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesrights and liberties worldwide is a luxury that all countries do not have and are not given to them. In America the people have the Constitution and the Bill of Rights that enumerate their inalienable rights. In the State of Texas there is also a constitution and a Bill of Rights for the people. One of the most important rights in the Texas Bill of Rights in the constitution is Article 1 Section 3 and 3a titled Equality and Equ ality Under the Law. There are differences between civil rights and civil libertiesRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era Was A Success1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was a Success Shortly after the Civil War ended in 1867, President Abraham Lincoln’s new objective was to unify the union and the confederate states into what was formerly known as the United States of America. This time period is known as the Reconstruction Era, starting with the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House in 1865 and ending with the implementation of the Compromise of 1877. The Reconstruction Era was a time period full of political, economicRead MoreCivil Liberties are Constitutional Protections Against the Government1681 Words   |  7 Pagesapply to state governments. In 1833 in Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights only applies to the national government and does not include protections against state governments. Barron sought redress under the just compensation clause of the Fifth Amendment. Justice John Marshall said the United States Constitution cannot be applied to state laws. This ruling was a major boost for statesâ €™ rights. (pg. A107-111) The Fourteenth Amendment was passed in 1868 states that anyoneRead MoreIs National Citizenship Irrelevant Outside the United States?1256 Words   |  5 Pagesanswered with a single word: Depends. Within the United States, national citizenship has conferred rights and duties that remain viable hundreds of years after their creation. Outside the United States, national citizenship is essentially irrelevant. National Citizenship Is Still Relevant as a Nationally-Ascribed Designator of Membership and Rights Within the United States but It is Essentially Irrelevant Outside the United States Within the United States In the Ancient World, citizenship conferredRead MoreThe Case Of Samuel Roth921 Words   |  4 Pagesmen appealed to the Supreme Court and their cases were merged together. 3. Questions of the Case Did the California or Federal Statute violate David Albert and Samuel Roth’s First Amendment freedom of speech? Did California violate David Alberts Due Process? 4. Holding No. The ruling was 6-3 in favor of the United States. The ruling was 7-2 in favor of California. 5. Opinion of the Court Justice Brennan delivered the opinion of the Court. Roth ran a business in New York by selling books, photos,Read MoreReconstruction Is The Effort Made In The United States1566 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction is the effort made in the United States to restructure the political, legal, and economic systems in the states seceded from the Union. The Reconstruction Era last between the years of 1865-1877. The Civil War caused destruction and several deaths throughout the South in 1865. This struggle was compensated by radical Republicans who felt that they were in control of Southerners by punishing them for wanting to preserve their southern tradition. How would the North and the South come

How Society Views Children with Adhd - 1600 Words

HOW SOCIETY VIEWS CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER I. Society Views A. Society Views on Children with ADHD B. How Society Affects the Development of the ADHD Child 1. Mental development 2. Physical development 3. Social development II. Diagnosis A. Reasons for Seeking Professional Diagnosis B. How the Diagnosis is Made C. Why the Diagnosis can be Incorrect III. Treatment A. Ritalin B. Modern Therapy 1. Herbal Therapy 2. Mental Therapy 3. Diet Therapy HOW SOCIETY VIEWS CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Andrew Todd English III April 24, 2001 WORKS CITED Aronwitz, Robert, Making Sense of Illness: Science,†¦show more content†¦Medicalization studies have demonstrated that agents such as advocacy groups, social movements and academic researchers can be central in creating specific diagnosis. This kind of diagnostic advocacy is accomplished by, or directly connected to an extent to the social movement. Domain expansion is an incorrect diagnosis of ADHD. Domain expansion is a process by which definitions of social problems expand and become more inclusive. Diagnosis seeking behavior is an integral feature of the emergence of ADHD self-labeling information exchange; pursuit of diagnosis fuels the society engine. When a person is different they are usually considered to be a damaged product. The social context for the rise of ADHD. The expansion of hyperactive diagnosis is not the result of new scientific discoveries about the biomedical nature of the disorder. It is the result of studies done by numerous teachers, doctors, psychologists, and researchers. While a number of studies indicated that symptoms in children are usually society based, studies show that society affects the ADHD child positively and negatively. In a positive way society wants to help the child; this is a common treatment of any person with a disorder. In a negative way society treats the child as a defect or as bad material because society is scared of something it knows very little about. The lay promotions of ADHD and the predominance of self-diagnosis contradict some of theShow MoreRelatedMusic And Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder1461 Words   |  6 PagesMusic and Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Abstract These are some of the reason that compelled me to choose this topic and focus on music as therapy for children with ADHD. Medical Aspect of Music as Therapy for ADHD Music has been seen to help many children with learning disabilities as it activates the brain so extensively helping the kid to focus. Music therapy has been found to help the victims of brain trauma and children with ADHD. For the children with ADHD, music isRead MoreRitalin and Aderall1599 Words   |  7 Pagesi. Diagnosis of ADHD ADHD is a condition which affects multiple areas of functioning. Because of the widespread diagnosis this disease keeps doctors, pharmaceutical businesses, and teachers employed. According to Diller (2008), the use of drugs like Ritalin is at rates never seen before in this country or anywhere else. Diller also states that â€Å"we medicate our children with psychiatric drugs ten or twenty times more than countries of Western Europe (pg50).† Many children are said to be made unhappyRead MoreStudy of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children1329 Words   |  5 PagesADHD in Children Abstract The occurrence of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been on the rise in primary school children in recent years. This study explains how this disorder impacts upon the daily life of such students, how much harmful it can be to childs mental stability while growing up and how it hinders in their learning process. Moreover, this study also focuses on the treatment methods and techniques employed by the parents and teachers of such students and howRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1219 Words   |  5 Pageslarge population in society, there is a stigma pertaining to mental illnesses and their credibility. People are under the impression that since these diseases are not physically seen, they aren’t real. Despite that, most mental illnesses have been accredited as real health concerns, but there is still speculation surrounding Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). There are some, including the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), who are adamant in the fact that ADHD is a true illnessRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )999 Words   |  4 Pageshyperactivity disorder (ADHD) signifies a major public health problem. Diagnoses continue to rise each year, yet the rates of treated ADHD are declining. There is a lot of controversy about treatments for ADHD today. Helpful treatment options like medications and therapies are receiving negative views with many saying that treatment is not necessary or the negatives outweigh the benefits. Those against treatment cite problems like substance abuse and negative side effects. However, ADHD greatly impacts aRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Ritalin, and the Brain1606 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, more commonly referred to as simply ADHD, is the most commonly diagnosed disorder among American children today. According to the National Institute on Mental Health an estimated 3 to 5 percent of school age children are affected by this disorder. (1) There are more diagnosed cases of ADHD of in the United States than there are anywhere in the world. The main symptoms of ADHD include developmentally inappropriate levels of attention, concentration, activityRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has made a negative impact a strong among the younger population. Those who classify as having ADHD are often seen as being disruptive, distracting during class and unable to pay attention. This behavior will not only impact the child, but as well as the family of the child, their peers and along with other factors too. For those in various settings, those donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t often realize the main causes of what indicates certain behaviors in the classroom and other locationsRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is one of the most prevalent childhood and adolescence disorder. ADHD world prevalence rates is around 5% and â€Å"range from 1% to 20% among school-age children (Sciotto, †¦2016, p. 35). There is a variability in prevalence rates across countries, which has led to researchers to question whether ADHD diagnosis reflects the norms and biases of western cultures. Even though the diagnosis are thought to reflect western cultures and norms, itRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment1093 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit hyperactive disorder is a prevalent and ever rising affliction in modern societies. â€Å"According to the American Psychiatric Association (2009), attention-deficit/hyperac tivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders in school-aged children(Saemi 179)†.While the initial response to handling the syndrome is to medicate it and continually medicate to stem the Simpsons. This is not a temporary instance to cure the disease just a never ending cycle. It is my beliefRead MoreLiving With Adhd Bbc Documentary951 Words   |  4 PagesFor my paper, I chose the YouTube documentary â€Å"Living with ADHD BBC Documentary† produced by ADHD tips. I have never had much experience with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. I worked in a daycare in high school and looking back, many of the students presented with the same symptoms as presented in this documentary. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder need to be constantly watched and reprimanded accordingly. The running around of Liam is a huge safety concern for parents

What Is Scepticism free essay sample

What is Scepticism? Is Methodological Scepticism different? The philosophical term Scepticism can simplistically be described as the challenging of established knowledge, principles, assumptions and beliefs in philosophy, science and theology (Kisner, 2005) Scepticism is based on the fact that with enough skill, any argument can sound convincing However, like most other philosophical constructs the notion is a lot more complex and often ambiguous, particularly upon examination of Rene Descartes and his idea of methodological Scepticism. Methodological Scepticism is an approach that removes all prior beliefs and knowledge in attempt to find further knowledge (William 1999). There are distinct differences between Scepticism and methodological Scepticism. This paper sets out to highlight these differences by firstly providing a working definition of Scepticism. The paper will then delve into the concept of methodological skepticism followed by a discussion into key differences. The basic working presupposition of Scepticism is that all knowledge is limited, if not, unattainable and can be applied to everything in the universe and consciousness. In order to help understand it is important to delve into the historical context of its uprising. The foundations of Scepticism can be credited back to the early works of Pyrho of Ellis (360-272 BC) and Sextus Empiricus (2nd and 3rd Century AD). Largely in response to the dogmatic philosophies and the epistemologies of certain philosophies, I. e. Aristotelian, Epicurean and stocicim ( William 1999), philosophical skepticism aimed to study the nature of knowledge by asking questions such as how can one know? Of what can be One certain? (Kubitz 1939). Knowledge and truth had previously been unchallenged as they were primarily based on religious beliefs, and/or the observations and experiences of respected scholars. Sextus uses Pyrrhonian Skeptical viewpoint in his analysis of knowledge, that is, the idea that one should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs, neither affirming any belief as true nor deny any belief as false. This is based on the ideology that sense perception as no certain guide to objective reality (Malachowski 1993), that is, our senses and perceptions are subjective and should not stand as a guide to providing information. For example, If Man X tastes Honey to be Sweet, this knowledge or information is purely subjective and a mere opinion/experience of the observer and doesn’t actually say anything about the honey itself (Sheldon 1934) A more extreme form of Scepticism contends that nothing at all can be known. Drawing from the work of Carneades, this skeptical position asserts that people did not possess, and never could possess, any measure of truth (Macachowski 1993). Carneades argued that if truth could be obtained it would have to be based on reason, sensation, or coneption. Because each of these measures are interconnected and ultimately subjective and open to error, these measures would ultimately be disqualified for being a criterion for truth (Sheldon 1934) Given the rising ambiguities surrounding skepticism the problem that had now had been raised was how was one to accept any form of knowledge? Reiterating Carneades’ argument that one could not measure truth the criteria was flawed, thus how could one be sure about anything? Rene Descartes looked to address this crisis by introducing a new radical skeptical approach, far more different to any ideology before it. Coined ‘methodological Skepticism’, Descartes aimed at using skeptical arguments in order to establish a firm ground for knowledge and prove that knowledge was in fact found the mind, and not the external senses as suggested by previous skeptics . In his attempt to achieve this, Descartes, in his book Mediations, begins by inviting the reader to eliminate all beliefs that are open to doubt, he then poses two Key arguments. Firstly, he notes that in particular situations one may think that they are having a certain experience, but are in fact dreaming; thus in any given instance it is not possible to tell if one is not dreaming (Groshlz 2002). Secondly, He argues that there could exist an evil demon that makes on believe in false things (for example; 2+2 may really equal 5, however we believe it to be four) (Schroder 2005). The purpose of these arguments is not to follow on with a classical and/or extreme skeptical ideology asserting that it is impossible for one to know if anything exists but rather to lay a foundation that shows all knowledge through the senses are open to doubt (Pokin 1999). Descartes subsequent comments help elaborate his skeptical argument, he famously states; â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. let him deceive me as much as he can, he will never bring it about that I am nothing so long as I think that I am something. So after considering everything very thoroughly, I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind. † (Descartes 1964-76 cited in Groshlz 2002) More commonly known as Cogito Ergo Sum or â€Å"I am thinking, therefore I am† (Schroder 2005), his identification of a certainty in his skeptical arguments is what makes methodological skepticism so significantly different. Descartes is able to reach a certainty, that is, the certainty of the mind, ‘any act of thinking implies the presence of a thinker, a person, and therefore self-knowledge of personal existence is certain’ (Groshlz 2002: 222). He goes on further to respond to classical skeptical thought (in relation to sensory perception), arguing that one does not actually perceive external objects directly, but rather through the contents of our mind, that is, we have only our impressions of things and not direct experience of things themselves (Malachowski 1993). To help illustrate this difference between these different ideologies of skepticism, if we go back to example of Man X’s experience of Honey, Descartes would argue that sweet qualities delivered by sense perception and imagination introduces knowledge about the object that make it so distinct. Thus, according to Descartes what really constitutes the honey is really thought and not the senses (Groshlz 2002). In looking back at all the information put forward it can be seen that there has been a clear distinction made between the ideologies of classical and methodological skepticism.

The Free Will Defense And The Problem Of Evil Essays -

The Free Will Defense And The Problem Of Evil After the World War II and the Holocaust, many Jewish and Christian people were left wondering why God would let such a thing happen. Many felt estranged, as if God had somehow abandoned them in their most desperate time of need. The world needed an explanation as to why God would let such a thing happen to his so-called ?children?. This need for an explanation of why evil exists in a world that is supposed to have been created by an all-powerful and all-loving God has plagued religious believers for centuries. Because of this need, many scholars have sought out explanations. This search for an answer to the problem of evil has resulted in many theodicies, or defenses of God in view of the existence of evil. One such defense is known as the free will defense. The free will defense attempts to combat the problem of evil by rationalizing that evil is the result human action and therefore, God is not to be held accountable for it. This essay will discuss both the strengths and weaknesse s of the free will defense. Before we can discuss the free will defense, we must define the different types of evil that exist. Philosophers distinguish between two types of evil that exist in this world, natural evil and moral evil. Natural evils are those evils that occur that are outside of our control, or more simply put, the evils exist in nature. These evils include natural disasters like earth quakes, floods, and tornados. They also include other forms of ?chance? occurrences that are out of our control. Moral evils, on the other hand, are the evils that are in the control of humans and result from human action. They include things such as murder, rape, theft, etc. Evil, both natural and moral, creates many problems and contradictions regarding the existence of God. One such problem that has been created by the existence and abundance of evil in the world can be summed up into one logical argument: God is supposed to be all-loving and all-powerful, but how can he be all-loving and all-powerful and at the same time allow the existence of evil and suffering in this world. This is essentially the idea behind the problem of evil for many believers. It is also the basis for the argument that many disbelievers use to disprove the existence of God. There are many approaches taken by theologians to answer the problem mentioned above. The free will defense, in particular, is one of the most popular approaches. This approach makes its argument by attacking the purposed idea that an all-loving and all-powerful God cannot exist in a world where evil exists and is in abundance. The argument says that when God created humans, he gave us was the ability to choose our course of actions for ourselves. He did this because He wanted us to have the ability to choose on our own between right and wrong, good and evil, and believing in Him or not. God could not create humans without giving them free will. If He had done so, then humanity's faith in God and their actions of piousness would mean nothing. We would essentially be robots. That is why God gave us free will, despite knowing that it would result in evil, suffering, and the questioning of his existence. The argument goes on to state that since humanity has free will, they are responsible for their own actions. The evil that exists in this world and the bad things that result from it are a direct result of human action. Humanity may be tempted by the appeal of evil, but regardless of this, it is still humanity's choice of whether or not to choose to commit evil. If humanity does indeed choose to commit evil, it is their fault, not God's. Therefore, humanity is held accountable, not God, for the presence of evil in the world, because the choice to sin was made by humanity alone. Regarding the free will defense, some philosophers and theologians, like Ediegar Burkovitz, believe that while God is not held accountable in the here and now, he is held accountable in